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BY TIMOTHY DWIGHT, 

President of Yale College. 
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[Reprint, from New Haven City Year Book, 1874.] 



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STATISTICAL ACCOUNT 



BY TIMOTHY DWIGHT, 

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PREFACE. 



T^HE design of forming a Society, which might combine the efforts of literary men in 
-*- Connecticut, for the promotion of useful knowledge, was suggested early in the year 
1799. A few gentlemen in New-Haven attended a meeting at an invitation given ; and a 
sketch of the principal objects of such an Association was communicated, together with the 
outline of the proposed Society, which was named " The Connecticut Academy of Arts and 
Sciences." 

At a meeting on the fourth of March, the gentlemen, who had associated, adopted a num- 
ber of regulations, as bye-laws for their government ; and elected a number of gentlemen 
in various parts of the State to be members. At a subsequent meeting, certain fundamental 
articles were adopted as the Constitution of the Academy, by which were prescribed the 
terms of admission to membership. In October following, the Academy, on petition, 
obtained from the legislature an act of incorporation. 

One considerable object proposed by this Association was to collect for publication a Sta- 
tistical Account of the State of Connecticut ; and to the accomplishment of this object they 
have directed their attention and exertions. On the first of January, 1800, they addressed 
a circular letter to every town in the State, containing the subjects of inquiry arranged 
under thirty-two distinct heads, and requesting answers to their inquiries. This letter was 
printed and distributed. In a subsequent address, the Academy urged an attention to the 
subject of those inquiries, and suggested a plan by which they supposed the labor of fur- 
nishing correct answers might be greatly facilitated. This business is still in progress ; and 
nearly thirty papers containing answers to the above-mentioned letter, have been received. 

Some of the accounts received have been collected with great apparent industry, are well 
arranged, and very complete. Others are very brief and less perfect. Notwithstanding 
this latter circumstance, and the tardiness with which these accounts are furnished, the 
Academy have determined to prosecute their design ; and to publish statistical accounts of 
the several towns, in numbers, as the materials shall be supplied. The following Account 
of New-Haven is published first ; as a pledge of the determination of the Academy to exert 
their best endeavors to accomplish the object ; and as a specimen of the manner of execu- 
tion ; and the Academy cannot but hope that this example will have its effect, in stimulating 
the exertions of gentlemen in other towns, to furnish the means of a complete statistical 
account of the State. The Academy are not willing to believe that there are not gentlemen 
in every town who are competent to give at least a tolerable history of the township — and 
they would regret that the history of a single town or society should fail to be inserted, for 
want of materials. 

The following is the circular letter above-mentioned, containing the inquiries, to which 
answers are solicited. 

New-H.wen, Jan. i, 1800. 

SIR, 

THE Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, desirous of contributing to the col- 
lection and propagation of useful knowledge, and of procuring the materials for a Statistical 
History of Connecticut, request you to furnish them with every species of information which 
it may be in your power to obtain ; relative to the Geography, Natural, Civil and Political 
History, Agriculture, Manufactures and Commerce of the State of Connecticut. Among 
the articles to which the Academy request your attention are the following : 

isi. The history of the settlement of the town or society in which you reside — the situa- 
tion and extent of each — the number of societies, school districts and school houses in the 
town — by what means the lands were obtained from the Indians, whether by purchase or 
conquest — the number of foreigners, and of what country. 



■zd. The Indian names of places, mountains, rivers, lakes and ponds within the town ; also 
any remarkable occurrences in the history of the Indians— their customs, mythology, bat- 
tles, burying places, monuments, forts, and any other traces of their settlement — the tribe to 
which they belong — their present number and situation, as to subsistence, vices, &c. 

■id. The face of the country, in regard to mountains, hills, valleys and plains, rocks, stones, 
clay, sand, nature of the soil — curiosities, natural and artificial, antiquities, monumental in- 
scriptions, elucidating points of history. 

^tk. Rivers, streams, springs (if remarkable), especially mineral and medicinal springs ; 
lakes and ponds, their sources and uses as to mills, navigation, and the production of fish, or 
the watering of lands. —Cataracts or falls. — Wells, their depth on different grounds. — Aque- 
ducts or pipes for conveying water to families — the expense by the rod — plenty or scarcity 
of water for domestic uses — change of quality within the present age — failure of streams in 
consequence of clearing the land — increase or decrease of water in springs and wells. — Acci- 
dents by damps or mephitic air in wells or other places, the time and other circumstances 
attending them. 

$tk. Mines and minerals, especially those most useful, as iron, copper, lead, silver, sul- 
phur ; also, quarries of stone, with the kind and quality of the stone, and its distance from 
navigable water. 

6th. What was the natural or original growth of timber and wood, and what the variations 
m the species on successive cuttings — whether the timber is plenty or scarce, increasing or 
decreasing, and the causes ; — the best method of increasing the quantity — the best time in 
the year for falling timber for durability, and wood for fuel. — The sugar maple tree, and the 
quantity and quality of sugar made— improvements in making and refining it — the best mode 
of procuring the sap without injuring the tree. — Quantity, quality and price of lumber of all 
kinds — distance from navigable water. 

Tth. Fuel of all kinds, as wood, coal, peat, or turf— the quantity and quality — distance 
from navigable water — increase or decrease of fuel, and price of the several kinds. 

Ztk. Furnaces, forges and mills ; — their situation, conveniences and quantity of work per- 
formed. In particular a description of any curious machinery, by which the labor of man is 
abridged, and the operation of the mechanical powers simplified and applied to useful 
purposes. 

Qi"/;. Agriculture ; increase or decrease of the price of land, within the memory of the 
present generation — price of provisions and labor in the several occupations — the kinds of 
grain cultivated, quantity of each produced on an acre, and total quantity in a year — quan- 
tity of flour and kiln dried meal exported annually — quantity of hemp and flax raised, and 
the best mode of raising, rotting and dressing them — the quantity of flax and flax-seed ex- 
ported—quantity of land planted with potatoes, and sown with turnips, rotation of crops 
best suited to various soils— improvements by means of artificial grasses, improvements by 
draining and diking marshes, meadows and ponds. 

loth. Manures ; the best for particular soils, and the best time and mode of applying them 
—as stable manure, lime, lime-stone, shells, ashes, salt, compost, marl, swamp, creek and sea 
mud, plaister of paris, and sea weed— the preparation best suited for particular crops— the 
best means of increasing manures— the eff'ects of irrigation or watering lands. 

\ith. The best seed time and harvest time— best time and modes of preparing lands for 
seeding— best modes of extirpating weeds and of preserving grains from insects— the efl'ects 
of a change of seed. 

i2tk. Mode of cultivation, whether by oxen or horses— the expense, advantages and dis- 
advantages of each.— Number of teams— the number and kinds of waggons, carts, ploughs, 
harrows, drills, winnowing and threshing machines now in use — improvements in them, 
both as to utility and cheapness.— Fences ; the materials and mode of erecting them— kinds 
most used — increase or decrease of timber for fencing — the best kinds of trees or shrubs for 
hedges, and the means of propagating them. 

13M. Uncommon fruits and garden vegetables, native or imported — the soils on which par- 
ticular fruits and vegetables best flourish, and the best modes of cultivating them— quantity 
of cider made annually— quantity exported— best mode of making, improving and preserv- 
ing it— best mode of preserving apples and other fruits during the winter— improvements by 
ingrafting and inoculation— best time and mode of pruning — state of gardening. 

14M. Number of tenants on leased lands — quantity of lands leased and the rent — the state 
of cultivation of leased lands compared with that in the hands of proprietors. Emigrations 
from the town or society. The number of persons convicted of capital crimes, and instances 



of suicide, within twenty years, or since tlie town was settled, and whetlier committed by 
natives or foreigners. The time when pleasure carriages were first used. 

152'/^. Number of sheep and swine ; quantity of pork, beef, butter, and cheese annually 
sent to market ; the best mode of multiplying, improving, feeding and fattening sheep, swine, 
neat cattle and horses ; their diseases, description of them, and the best mode of preventing 
and curing them. 

16M. Manufactures ; distinguishing the kinds and quantity made in families and in manu- 
factories ; the market for them. The history of any useful manufacture, including its 
increase and decline, and the causes^ 

^^th. Breweries ; time of their introduction — the kinds and quantity of beer made. 

18//2. Fisheries ; the kinds, quantity and value of fish taken ; best mode of curing them ; 
the market. The years when shell and other fish have been unusually lean or sickly, and 
when they have declined, disappeared, or perished, from causes known or unknown. The 
best modes of multiplying and preserving shell fish. 

i.()th. Ship building ; its increase or decline — harbors, depth of water, direction of the chan- 
nels, obstructions, land-marks and directions for entrance ; the year when the first vessel 
was built, and the progress of trade. The means of facilitating transportation by land or 
water. 

■2.0th. Roads and bridges ; the present state of them, annual expense and mode of defray- 
ing it ; description of bridges remarkable for elegance or utility ; the best mode of securing 
bridges from the effects of frost, floods and sea worms ; the kinds of timber not subject to be 
eaten by sea worms. 

■2.\st. Ferries ; their situation, and whether public or private property ; the places near 
them, where bridges may be erected, and probably made permanent. 

I'zd. Wild animals, now or heretofore known ; their increase or decrease, and from what 
causes ; new species, migration, and natural history of birds. 

23^. Natural history of plants ; their kinds, whether noxious or useful ; new species, time 
of their introduction, their progress ; effects of the barberry and other noxious plants, and 
the best modes of extirpating them. 

■z^th. Places of public worship ; their number, and the denomination to which they 
belong ; the rise of congregations and various sects, the names of the successive clergymen 
the time of their settlement and exit ; notices of any eminent clergymen ; the salaries of cler- 
gymen, and the funds by which religious worship is maintained. 

2$th. Academies and schools ; in what manner supported ; number of winter and summer 
schools ; the time they are kept in each year, whether by male or female instructors • num- 
ber of scholars ; salaries or wages of teachers ; kinds of knowledge taught ; improvements 
in the mode of instruction ; prices of board, and expenses of schooling. 

■2(ith. Poor ; their number, whether natives or foreigners ; their former occupations, the 
expense of maintaining them, the mode best calculated to unite humanity with economy in 
their support ; the means by which they were reduced to want, or inability to labor. 

i-jth. Free blacks ; their number, vices and modes of life ; their industry and success in 
acquiring property ; whether those born free are more ingenious, industrious, and virtuous 
than those who were emancipated after arriving to adult years. 

■z^tk. Inns or taverns— their number. 

■2<)th. Climate and diseases; variations in seasons and in diseases from clearing lands, 
draining swamps, and the like causes ; the diseases most prevalent in high and low situa- 
tions, near streams of running water, or marsh and stagnant water, on the north and south 
sides of hills and mountains, and on different soils ; remarkable instances of diseases and 
mortality among animals of various kinds. Meteorological observations. Register of mar- 
riages, births and deaths, noting the sex, occupations, ages, and diseases of those who die. 
Remarkable instances of longevity ; the local situation, the occupation, and the habits of 
life of those who arrive to a great age, as also their temper, whether cheerful or melancholic, 
quiet or discontented. 

jpth. Remarkable seasons or occurrences in the natural world ; as tempest, rain, hail, snow, 
and inundations, by which injury has been sustained, the time when they happened ; unu- 
sual insects, or usual insects in unusual numbers ; time of their appearance and disappear- 
ance, their generation and transformations ; injury sustained by them ; unusual death of 
insects ; best modes of destroying noxious insects, or preventing their ravages. 

y.st. Unusual failure of crops from causes known or unknown ; the years when it 
occurred, and the temperature of the seasons. An explication of the causes and phenomena 



of blast, mildew, rust, honey dew, bursting of vegetables, diseases and death of plants, trees 
or shrubs ; the times when they occurred. 

yzd. Distinguished characters, who have been natives or residents in the town ; improve- 
ments in arts and sciences, and the authors of them ; inventors of curious machines ; vices, 
amusements, attention to civil and religious institutions ; remarkable instances of liberality, 
heroism, or other virtue. Libraries; when established, and the number of volumes. Char- 
itable institutions and endowments. Associations for the purpose of improvement or human- 
ity. Benefactions to pious and charitable uses. 

It is not expected, that in all the above mentioned articles information can be given by 
each or perhaps any gentleman to whom this letter is addressed ; but it is hoped and be- 
lieved that the magnitude of the object in view, will induce every one, to sjiare no pains in 
obtaining and communicating such information as shall be in his power. Should the exer- 
tion for this purpose be general and active, all the necessary information will probably be 
collected. 

In Scotland, the first, and it is supposed, the only successful attempt of this nature, has 
been carried into complete execution, by a similar application to the clergymen, and a few 
other enlightened persons in that country. 

It is rationally believed, that eflForts equally spirited and efficacious will be made in Con- 
necticut: should this be the case, our State will have the honor of leading in this important 
field of knowledge. 

Every piece of information on the subject specified, will contribute to the great object in 
view, and will be gratefully received by this Academy. 

By order of the Academy^ 

SIMEON BALDWIN, 

Recording Secretary. 



^ 



CITY OF NEW-HAVEN. 



New-Haven, ytily t, i8ll. 
SIR, 

PERMIT me to return the following answer to the request of the Connec- 
ticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, concerning a statistical history of 
the city of New-Haven. The public will naturally ask why the answer has 
been so long delayed. The true reason is, that every man, here, is closely 
engaged in his own business : and that no man of business is, ordinarily, wil- 
ling to write on subjects, unconnected with his personal concerns. My own 
situation, to those who know it, would fairly excuse me from the undertak- 
ing. I have made the attempt, because I was convinced, that it would be 
made by no other person. As this account is drawn up in circumstances of 
extreme inconvenience, the Academy will, I doubt not, readily excuse its 
imperfections. 

New-Haven, together with Woodbridge, Hamden, East-Haven, North- 
Haven, the principal part of the townships of Wallingford and Cheshire, and 
of the parish of Northford, forming a tract about i8 miles in length and 13 in 
breadth, was purchased, partly of Momauguin, sachem of Quinnipiack, 
November 24, 1638, and partly of Montowese, sachem of Mattabeseck, now 
Middletown, December nth, the same year, by the Rev. John Davenport and 
Theophilus Eaton, Esq. in behalf of the first planters of New-Haven. The 
Indians reserved lands, on the eastern side of the Quinnipiack, for planting 
and the right of hunting, fowling, and fishing, throughout the tract. The 
price paid to Momauguin was twelve coats of English cloth, twelve alchymy 
spoons, twelve hatchets, twelve hoes, two dozen knives, twelve porringers, 
and four cases of French knives and scissors. 

The first principal settlers were Theophilus Eaton, Esq. Mr. Davenport, 
Mr. Samuel Eaton, Mr. Thomas Gregson, Mr. Robert Newman, Mr. Mat- 
thew Gilbert, Mr. Nathaniel Turner, Mr. Thomas Fugill, Mr. Francis New- 
man, Mr. Stephen Goodyear, and Mr. Joshua Atwater. These adventurers 
and their associates formed one of the most opulent settlements in New- 
England. 



8 

On the 4th of June, 1639, the planters formed their constitution. On the 
5th of October following they organized their government, when Mr. Eaton 
was chosen governor. By the general court, which sat Sept. 5th, 1640, Ouin- 
nipiack was named New-Haven. On the 19th of May, 1643, the colony of 
New-Haven entered into a confederation with Connecticut, Plymouth, and 
Massachusetts. The confederates styled themselves the United Colonies of 
New-England. In 1655, a system of laws for New-Haven was finished by 
Gov. Eaton, and was printed in England. In 1657 Gov. Eaton died ; and 
Francis Newman, Esq. at the following election, was chosen in his stead. 
He died in 1661 ; and was succeeded by William Leet, Esq. March 27th. In 
1661, Whalley and Goffe came to New-Haven, and, the following October, 
removed to Hadley. May 11, 1665, the colonies of Connecticut and New- 
Haven were united. From that time the legislature has met, alternately, at 
Hartford and New-Haven. 

New-Haven is the name of a township, and a city included in that town- 
ship. The township is bounded on the east by East-Haven, on the north by 
Hamden and Woodbridge, on the west by Milford, and on the south by 
Long-Island Sound. Its area I am unable to ascertain. Nature has divided 
it into two great parts. The eastern division is a plain, commencing on the 
western bank of Wallingford river, at the foot of a ridge of hills in East-Ha- 
ven, belonging to the range of Middletown mountains, and partially bounded, 
on the northern side, by the East Rock, the southern end of the range of 
Mount Tom ; by Mill Rock, a spur from it ; by Pine Rock, a spur from West 
Rock ; and by West Rock, the southern end of the eastern ridge of the Green 
Mountains ; and on the west by a chain of hills, a continuation also of the 
Green Mountains, and here frequently called the Milford Hills. The west- 
ern division is formed by the last mentioned heights. The plain extends 
about three miles froin east to west ; and on the eastern side about two miles 
from north to south, and on the western, measuring from West Rock to the 
southern shore of West-Haven, about five. The western division is about 
five miles from north to south ; and somewhat more than two, from east to 
west. A handsome hill, named Mount Pleasant, intrudes into the plain in a 
southern direction from Mill Rock ; and occupies an area of about 400 acres. 
There is also a small eminence in the north-eastern quarter of the township, 
called the Beaver Hills. 

I can find no Indian name on record, except Qiiinnipiack. This was given 
to the river, which is the eastern boundary of the township, and now com- 
monly called Wallingford river ; to the adjacent country ; and to the tribe, by 
which it was inhabited. 

There is nothing known of the Indian citstonis and mythology, peculiar to 
this tribe. They were a branch of the Mohekaneews, or Muhheakunnuks ; a 
nation which inhabited the whole countr}^ from the Potowmac to the St. 
Lawrence, and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, together with an exten- 
sive region, westward of that river. All the tribes, within these limits, com- 
prehending about a million of square miles, except the Iroquois, spoke dif- 
ferent dialects of one language. The Iroquois were interlopers, who fought 
their way from a distant western region into the country, which they ulti- 
mately inhabited, and which they conquered from the tribes who occupied it 
before them. 



The Quinnipiacks have long since been extinct. 

The Quinnipiacks dwelt, in the summer, on the shore, for the convenience 
of fishing ; and, in the winter, in the forests, for the convenience of fuel. 

They had a place for powavving, about a quarter of a mile north-east from 
the house of Stephen Woodward, in East-Haven, about three-fourths of a 
mile east of the harbor bridge. The spot was formerly a swamp, and is now 
a meadow. 

Charles, the last sachem of this tribe, died about So years since. He svas 
frozen to death near a spring, about one mile north of the Presbyterian 
church in East-Haven. 

They are said to have had neither marriages nor divorces. 

They caught round clams with their feet ; and taught the English to catch 
them in this manner. 

The Indian arrow-heads, frequently found here, are exactly like some 
which have been brought from Cape Horn. 

At Fort Hill there was formerly an Indian fort, and an Indian burying- 
ground, on the eastern side of the hill. The name of this spot was formerly 
Indian Hill. 

The soil of the eastern division of this township is loam, mixed with sand, 
except the hill mentioned above, and the principal part of the New Town- 
ship, which is loam, mixed with gravel ; the most common soil of New-Eng- 
land. The latter is moderately good ; the former is warm, but dry, and lean. 
Both are, however, capable, as experience has extensively proved, of being 
rendered very productive b}^ judicious cultivation. The soil of the western 
division is the same with that of Mount Pleasant, and rarely rises above medi- 
ocrity : while, to a considerable extent, it falls beneath it. 

There are no curiosities, here, either natural or artificial, no antiquities, no 
fiionumental inscriptions, of any particular importance. 

There are three rivers in this township, which empty their waters into the 
harbor of New-Haven : West river, which has its origin in Woodbridge ; 
Mill river, which rises in Hamden ; and the Quinnipiack, whose head waters 
are in Southington. The two first run a course of about ten or twelve miles ; 
the last runs about thirty; and is navigable for boats eight miles. Sloops 
have been frequently built at North-Haven, and conveyed down this stream 
to the Sound. 

There is one pond, only, in this township, called Beaver pond. Formerly, 
when full, it was not far from a mile in length, and about 60 rods in breadth. 
In dry seasons, the southern end of it was a marsh. From the north end of 
this water issues a stream, which turns an overshot mill. 

There are no medicinal springs, except a small chalybeate spring near the 
Beaver pond, nor cataracts, nor falls, in this township. 

The wells within the city of New-Haven generally yield excellent water. 
Their depth, on the lowest part of the plain, is not more than ten feet ; on the 
highest, thirty-four. Generally, it appears to varj^ as the surface varies. 
Most of them, indeed all, which are dug to a proper depth, yield water at all 
seasons of the year. 

There is an aqueduct in this town ; the commencement of which is un- 
known, as well as its origin. It empties a sprightly stream into the East 
creek, on the south side of Fair street, just below State street. 
2 



lO 

No accidents by damps, or mephitic air, are remembered here. 

For the following account of the mineralogy of this township, the Academy 
are indebted to Professor Silliman. 

The mineralogy and geological structure of New-Haven and its vicinity 
have been but recently examined with much attention. This examination is 
not j'et completed ; but the following facts and the observations connected 
with them will be found tolerably correct. 

The plain on which New-Haven stands, is a secondary countr)', evidently 
of recent formation ; it is wholly alluvial, and is composed of beds of sili- 
ceous sand, and gravel, arranged in strata, nearly parallel, and extending to 
a depth greater than any wells have yet penetrated. The sand is more or 
less ferruginous, and presents no interesting minerals, except such as appear 
to have been accidentally deposited, or brought from other situations, viz. 
quartz, flint, jasper, and feldspar, which are considerably abundant, and agate, 
sappare, and garnets, which have been found in a few instances. 

There are no rock-formations in this plain, except a very recent and friable 
sandstone, which occurs in a few places, and appears to be little more than 
an indurated mass, composed of similar materials with the loose sand and 
gravel of the plain. 

The fine amphitheatre of hills, which encircles New-Haven, in all parts, ex- 
cept those occupied by the water, presents an interesting variety, both as it 
respects its geological formation, and the individual minerals which have been 
discovered. On the eastern side of the harbour, the rocks are chiefly granite, 
greenstone, and sandstone. 

Only a few rocks of granite occur, and they are probably the commence- 
ment of those extensive granite ranges which occupy the middle and eastern 
parts of Connecticut. 

The sandstone is extremely coarse, and may more properly be called, at 
least in many instances, a conglomerate or puddingstone. 

Greenstone hills accompany the sandstone all along the eastern side of the 
harbor, as high as the village of Dragon, and, probably, much farther. The 
sandstone lies beneath, and the greenstone reposes on it. Steatite or soap- 
stone has been observed in this sandstone in small masses. The greenstone 
of these hills is broken into small fragments, most of which do not exceed 
two or three inches in length. 

North-east and north-west of New-Haven, at the distance of two miles 
from the town and from each other, rise two perpendicular eminences, or 
bluffs, exhibiting precipices of naked rock, and called the East and West 
Mountains. Contiguous to these are several smaller eminences of the same 
description, the largest of which runs off at right angles from West Rock, in 
an easterly direction, and is called Pine Rock. This assemblage of emi- 
nences is the termination of several extensive ranges of the same nature, 
which run a great distance into the interior of New-England, forming nume- 
rous bold precipices, among which are the celebrated ones called Mount 
Tom, and Mount Holyoke, near Northampton. Our remarks on this occasion, 
will be confined to the East and West Mountains, and their immediate appen- 
dages. They possess so many features in common, that they may be consid- 
ered together with advantage, while their distinct peculiarities may also be 
pointed out. 



II 

Although it is the province of mineralogical description to consider only 
the nature of the substances of which it treats, one cannot contemplate these 
eminences without admiring them, as forming bold and beautiful features in 
the scenery around New-Haven. Their height is from 350 to 370 or 380 feet. 

There can be no hesitation in pronouncing them to be greenstone rocks, 
called by the popular name of whin in Scotland, and trap more generally 
throughout Europe. The termt basalt has been more loosely and inaccurately 
applied to rocks of this description. It properly belongs to one variety of 
this family, of which the Giant's Causeway and the Cave of Fingal are cele- 
brated examples. There is a striking resemblance between the greenstone 
mountains of New-England among themselves, and the same description of 
mountains in Scotland, and probably in other parts of the world. They pre- 
sent high mural precipices, perfectly naked and rude. Their fronts are com- 
posed of vast assemblages of columns, more or less regular, frequently 
affecting the prismatic form with considerable, and sometimes with surprising 
regularity. A fine example of this latter circumstance, occurs at Mount 
Holj'oke. Rocks of this description are full of cracks and fissures, from 
which cause it probably arises that they are prone to break off and fall, an 
eiFect which is doubtless produced by the freezing of water deposited in their 
cavities. Hence, vast masses of broken rocks, from the smallest size, to that 
of the largest columns, are usually found sloping from the bases of these 
mountains up their fronts, sometimes for more than half their height. They 
are also distinguished by sloping backs, declining so graduall}^ that, in the 
rear, the ascent is often easy, while in front it is impracticable. 

These circumstances are nowhere more conspicuous than in the greenstone 
mountains of New-Haven. An observer placed at the foot of the West moun- 
tain, (particularly,) is forcibly struck with the grandeur, and sublimity, of the 
numerous and lofty columns which there form an extended front. 

These rocks are composed principally of hornblende and feldspar, through 
which quartz is sometimes interspersed ; iron enters considerably into their 
composition. Hence, during their decomposition, which takes place slowly 
in the weather, iron rust gradually covers the exterior of the stone, thus giv- 
ing it a reddish-brown appearance. The greenstone of New-Haven has been 
found, by experiment, to be fusible in a furnace, and to produce a blackish 
glass. 

It may not be improper to remark, that it forms an excellent building stone, 
and is extensively employed for that purpose in New-Haven.* 

The greenstone mountains which have been described belong to the class 
of secondary rocks. This is proved, beyond controversy, (whatever system 
of geology be adopted,) by the fact, that they stand upon strata of sandstone. 
Sandstone is, by all geologists, acknowledged to be formed by the gradual 
disintegration of other rocks ; and therefore, whatever other rocks repose on 
it, must necessarily be secondary. The junction of the sandstone and the 
greenstone in these hills, may be distinctly perceived in a number of places. 

There are some particular minerals found in these rocks which deserve no- 
tice. Iron pyrites, in minute pieces, and sometimes imperfectly crystalized, 

* It is worthy of notice, that most varieties of the trap or greenstone rocks, if heated red 
hot, plunged into water, and pulverized, become a good substitute for the puzzolana of Italy, 
in forming a water-proof mortar for the construction of piers, docks, &c. 



12 

is found disseminated. Grey sulpliuret of copper is sometimes seen, con- 
nected with crystalized quartz. Epidote occurs in veins. Prehnite occurs 
also in veins and in nodules, having a distinctly radiated structure, and the 
characteristic green color of that mineral. Very beautiful specimens of it are 
found at the East Rock, crystalized, in veins, and in distinct globular concre- 
tions. This mineral probably abounds in the greenstone ranges of Connec- 
ticut ; for it has been found at Farmington, near Berlin, and also at the Pine 
Rock. At the latter place, it forms numerous perpendicular veins, rarely ex- 
ceeding 1-4 of an inch in thickness. They are considerably decomposed and 
injured by the weather ; nor have any specimens been found at the Pine Rock 
which can compare either for soundness or beauty with those of the East Rock. 

Another interesting mineral found in these rocks is zeolite. It occitrs at the 
East Rock, but is most abundant at the Pine Rock. It is in veins ; in super- 
ficial coating on the stone, and in loose pieces lying among the broken rocks. 
There appear to be several varieties, viz. mealy zeolite, lamellar or foliated, 
and radiated. The lamellar variety is frequently crystalized ; but unfortu- 
nately, the specimens are so much injured, that they possess but little beauty. 
The veins of zeolite, when found in place, are horizontal. 

It may not be amiss to remark, that in deciding the character of the two 
last mentioned minerals, their specific gravity was ascertained to correspond 
with that mentioned in the systematical books. The zeolite was found to be 
soft, to intumesee before the blow-pipe, to fuse into a white enamel, and to 
gelatinize with acids. The prehnite intumeseed before the blow-pipe, and 
melted into a greenish slag. It was so hard as to scratch glass, and give 
sparks with steel. 

It is somewhat gratifying to find these minerals so common in the green- 
stone of the old world, associated also with that of the new. 

Leaving the West mountain, the circuit of the hills is to the south. New 
features here present themselves ; not however without considerable resem- 
blance to the country last described. For about four miles, ranges of green- 
stone continue, accompanied, however, and frequentlj' interrupted, by exten- 
sive strata of a singular rock, to which it is not easy to give a name. It is 
universall}^ schistose in its structure, and distinctly stratified. The direction 
of the strata is nearly the same with that of the hills. They incline generally 
to the west, sometimes at an angle of from 30 to 45 degrees, and sometimes be- 
coming nearly horizontal. The rock is composed of distinct layers of quartz, 
varying from a mere line to an inch in thickness ; between which are inter- 
posed layers of a distinctly slaty substance, which sometimes verges towards 
mica, talc, or chlorite ; and, at other times, passes into clay-slate and green- 
stone slate. It occasionally has a glistening appearance ; is very soft ; and 
has a distinctly saponaceous feel ; but frequently its feel is dry and meagre. 

Within about two miles of the sea shore, the greenstone ceases. The coun- 
try becomes distinctly and wholly stratified. The strata are similar to those 
already described ; but nearer the shore, and contiguous to the village of 
West-Haven, the rock changes into a perfect slate, lying in very extensive 
and beautiful strata, and forming continuous and high ledges, with interven- 
ing chasms. This slate appears to be intermediate between argillaceous slate 
and chlorite slate, verging sometimes towards the one, and sometimes to- 
wards the other. The strata continue quite to the sea shore, and jut upon it, 



13 

in abrupt and broken cliffs. These cliffs, in some instances, run directly into 
the sea, and are lost beneath the water ; rising however occasionally into little 
islands at some distance from the shore, thus indicating that this formation is 
probably extensive. 

The beach, which forms the margin of the shore, about a mile below the 
village of West-Haven, presents an interesting phenomenon, the solution of 
which maybe found in the rocky strata, which we have been describing. The 
beach is covered with magnetic iron sand ; uncommonly pure, and very sen- 
sible to the magnet. It may be obtained in large quantities ; and is used by 
the inhabitants of New-Haven for sanding paper, and sometimes for an ingre- 
dient in a firm and durable mortar. The origin of the iron sand, which we 
mentioned, appears to be this. The strata at this place seem to be decidedly 
formed of chlorite slate ; and abound in minute crystals of magnetic, octa- 
hedral iron ore. The sea lashes the rocks at every tide, and, in all probabil- 
ity, the same kind of strata continue extensively beneath the surface. The 
rock being one which is easily disintegrated, the iron is thus washed out, 
broken by friction, and by the fiow of the waves thrown back upon the shore. 
It is not often perhaps, that a geological fact admits of more satisfactory 
explanation. 

There can be little doubt that these extensive strata are primitive ; and it 
is very probable that the contiguous greenstone is primitive likewise. Its 
structure is considerably different from that of the secondary greenstone 
described above. It is much more porphyrytic, and it frequently contains 
numerous crystals of white feldspar, of considerable size. In some instances 
it alternates with the schistose strata ; and no observations hitherto made, 
will justify the conclusion that these rocks, like the East and West mountains, 
rest on sandstone, or any other secondary rock. 

Leaving the hills which immediately bound the plain of New-Haven, and 
proceeding westward on the great road leading to New-York, some addi- 
tional facts may be noticed. Greenstone continues to be the prevailing rock 
of the country ; and for several miles, we cross extensive ridges of this rock 
and of greenstone slate. 

At the distance of five or six miles from New-Haven, the strata of green- 
stone slate become very extensive and regular. Their direction is very nearly 
north-east and south-west ; and their dip is from 30 to 40 degrees. 

The country here is filled with ridges consisting chiefl}^ of greenstone slate, 
which look generally to the south-east, with considerable chasms or small 
valleys between them, so as to resemble, very much, a series of billows when 
the sea runs high. 

To this general formation, there is one remarkable and striking exception. 
About five miles west of New-Haven commences a range of serpentine, both 
common and noble, and mixed more or less with primitive limestone and 
bitterspath. As this range proceeds westward, the limestone predominates 
more and more over the serpentine ; and soon the rock becomes primitive 
stratified limestone. This contiques in the same direction, in nearly uninter- 
rupted ridges, for three miles at least, and, as is asserted, several miles farther. 
Thus a circumscribed space, not exceeding 1-4 of a mile in breadth, and run- 
ning in length as has just been specified, intervenes between ridges of green- 
stone, and even in some instances, alternates with it ; this rock forming its 



H 

boundary on the north, and also on the south, and in some places coming into 
direct and visible contact with it. 

These strata of limestone are remarkably regular. — Their direction and dip 
is the same with that of the greenstone slate. In a few instances the lime- 
stone is interrupted by greenstone and chlorite slate. 

A quarry has been opened in these calcareous strata, for the purpose of 
obtaining marble ; for the limestone which has been mentioned appears prop- 
erly to deserve that name. The structure of the rock is schistose. Its texture 
is minutely granular. Its prevailing color is that of the Italian dove marble ; 
but very much variegated by innumerable veins of calcareous spar or bitter- 
spath, of a very fine and brilliant white, by an admixture of serpentine form- 
ing green spots, and by black spots and clouds which sometimes are magnetic 
iron ore, and sometimes appear to be serpentine of a dark hue. Marble also 
occurs here of a deep black, beautifully illuminated by white clouds. As far 
as the investigation has gone, these calcareous strata are divided into large 
distinct tables ; so that they can be taken out in many instances, without 
making any other fracture than what exists naturally. Pieces of the marble 
have been sawn and polished ; and although only weathered pieces have hith- 
erto been tried, the stone exhibits so fine a texture, so high a lustre, and such 
beautiful delineations of color, as to justify the belief that as a marble it will 
prove a valuable acquisition to the country.* 

It lies immediately upon navigable water, which, at the distance of two 
miles communicates directly with Milford harbour and Long-Island Sound, 
and is sufficiently copious to work the mills necessary for sawing it. 

Serpentine occurs in this range in various places, and it appears to be in- 
determinately mixed with the marble in various proportions, so as to give the 
beauties of color belonging to each. The serpentine which is found at the 
eastern end of this range, is principally yellow and green, marked with nu- 
merous shades, clouds and veins, arising from the admixture of magnetic 
iron ore and other substances. It admits of a handsome polish and is very 
beautiful. The noble serpentine which is found in it is of a very deep green 
mixed with yellow, and is susceptible of so high a polish as to become a per- 
fect mirror. 

Green talc, resembling French chalk, is sometimes to be met with between 
the strata of limestone. 

Asbestos is abundant in this range, existing chiefly in the serpentine, and 
is very handsome. Its colors are various shades of white, blended with green. 
It is intermixed with bitterspath, and contains numerous pieces, and some- 
times large ones, of magnetic iron ore. Amianthus is also found here, in 
some instances as fine as that of Corsica. 

A considerable number of other minerals are found in this vicinity. Steatite 
or lamellar talc occurs near the marble, and is used by the inhabitants as a 
substitute for chalk. 

Fine specimens of tremolite, common, asbestous, and glassy, are found in 
rocks composed of dolomite and quartz. 

Epidote is very abundant in this region. It exists chiefly in veins in green- 
stone slate and other rocks, and is sometimes massive ; but handsome speci- 

* The discoverer of this marble was Mr. Solomon Baldwin, a student of Yale College. 



15 

mens of a radiated structure have been obtained in calcareous veins running 
through greenstone slate. 

Chlorite is frequently found ; sometimes penetrating calcareous spar and 
quartz, and sometimes in veins in greenstone slate, and other schistose rocks. 

Actynolite occurs in greenstone, which often contains micaceous magnetic 
iron ore. 

Phosphate of lime is sometimes found in detached nodules of granite, in 
the neighborhood of the marble. 

Jasper, llint, red and common quartz, puddingstone, and pitchstone, are 
considerabl}' abundant in this region. 

Iron pyrites is found, both massive and in cubical cr3'Stal. 

Lead, in the form of galena, has been repeatedly discovered. A few years 
since, several hundred weight was found within half a mile of the range of 
serpentine, and repeated attempts were made to mine for it ; but it was not 
sufficiently abundant to prove profitable. Lead has also been found in small 
quantities, in several places within a few miles of this. 

P. S. — Although not within the province of this essay, it may not be amiss 
to preserve in this place the memory of a curious fact, concerning the dis- 
covery of native copper a few miles from this town. Copper is still known 
to exist in various places in the Hamden hills, and attempts have been re- 
peatedly made to sink shafts for the purpose of obtaining the copper, but the 
business has never been prosecuted to effect. 

The fact now to be mentioned, seems to justify the hope, that at some future 
period, copper mines may be successfully worked in this vicinity. 

The following account is taken from Mrs. Doolittle, of this town, the 
daughter of the person who discovered it. She relates, that her father, Mr. 
Josiah Todd, of North-Haven, when gathering fruit on the Hamden hills, dis- 
covered a mass of native copper, weighing about 90 pounds, which he obtained 
and preserved. It was lying on the surface of a fiat rock, at some places ad- 
hering to it, and even running into its crevices. He, with several other per- 
sons, afterwards sought for more, but as they, by their own confession, had 
superstitious fears respecting it, they probably did not make a very minute 
investigation, and no more was found. This mass passed through several 
hands, and was finall3'- obtained b}' the son-in-law of the discoverer, a copper- 
smith, who considered it as very free from alloy, and used it in the course of 
his business. It existed and was used within the remembrance of Mrs. Doo- 
little and her son, of this town, and a part of it even 10 or 15 3'ears since. 
Unfortunately, no part of this interesting natural production can now be ob- 
tained, nor is the precise place of its discovery known. 

On that part of the plain, which is between Mount Pleasant and Milford 
hills, the original growth was the shrub oak. Wild turkies abounded on this 
plain, as late as the year 1695. 

In the eastern division of this township, there is no forested ground, except 
upon Mount Pleasant and the Beaver hills, and the southern end of East 
rock. A considerable part of the western division is still forested. The trees, 
of which our forests are composed, are the 

Oak, Button-wood, or Pepperidge, 

Chestnut, Plane tree, Thorn, 

Hickory, Hemlock, Locust, 



i6 

Elm, Willow, White and yellow 

Ash, Horn-beam, Pine, 

Maple, Sassafras, Butternut, 

Birch, Poplar, Bass or Linden, 

Wild Cherry, Alder. Crab Apple, 

Dog-wood, or Box, Sumach, Crab Pear, 

Beech, Swamp-Sumach, Black Mulberry. 

Red Cedar, White Tulip tree. 

The price of timber, squared, is 6 dollars per ton. 

The price of luoodiox fuel is, by the cord, hickory from seven to eight dol- 
lars ; pine, three and a half dollars ; other kinds of wood from five to six 
dollars. 

A small quantity of peat has been used for fuel. 

The use of coal is almost unknown. Wood is altogether preferred for this 
purpose ; as furnishing, in the opinion of the inhabitants, a pleasanter and 
cleaner fire. 

From pretty extensive inquiries, made under the direction of the Academy, 
it is believed, that the quantity of wood, within the region whence the city of 
New-Haven is principally supplied with fuel, the radius of which may be 
estimated at about ten miles, is not diminishing, but gradually increasing. 
About one-third of the fuel, consumed here, is imported from Long-Island, 
Guilford, or the borders of the Hooesteanuc, or Stratford river. 

From the books of the wharfinger it appears, that in the year ending June, 
1806, the tonnage of vessels, bringing wood to the city of New-Haven, 
amounted in the aggregate to 4305. Vessels are supposed to carry half a 
cord to a ton ; which gives 2152 1-2 cords, imported that year. As they ac- 
tually carry somewhat more, the quantity maybe estimated in round numbers 
at 2500 cords. If one-third of the wood, consumed in the city of New-Haven 
is imported, the whole will, according to this estimate, be 7500 cords ; or ten 
cords to a house ; including, however, all that is consumed in Yale College, 
and in the stores, and mechanic's shops, as well as on board the shipping. 
If we allow 6 dollars for the cord, the expense of the inhabitants for fuel will 
be annually 45,000 dollars. 

The pine timber, used in building, is imported from Connecticut and Hud- 
son rivers, North-Carolina, Georgia, and the District of Maine, chiefly from 
the last. 

There is no sugar made from the maple in this township, 
The distance of wood and] fuel, on the grounds in, and about New-Haven, 
from navigable water, is from one to five miles. 

It is believed, from a number of experiments, which have come to the 
knowledge of the Academy, that the best time for cutting timber, in order to 
render it durable, is that in which the sap flows most freely. Immediately 
after it is cut, the bark should be taken off. The wood will then acquire a 
degree of hardness not attainable in any other known manner. 
The flowering shrubs, which are natives of this township, are the 

Laurel, Swamp rose, 

American red honey-suckle. Sweet briar, 

American white honey-suckle. Snow ball. 

Mountain elder. White bush. 

Wild rose, Vineleaf rasberry. 



17 

Fruit-bearing shrubs, arc the , 

Bilberry, Rasberry, Hazel, 

Whortleberry, Partridge-berry, Barberry, 

Blackberry, Spice-bush, Bayberr}^ 

Barren shrubs, are the 

Juniper, Shrub-oak, Small ivy, 

Savin, • Moose-brush, Fern. 

There are no furnaces, nor forges, in New-Haven. 

There are three grist-mills, two paper-mills, three fulling-mills, one pow- 
der mill, one bark-mill and one cotton manufactory, containing all the usual 
machiner}' for spinning and twisting cotton, and a manufactory of Cut Nails. 

Mr. Ebenezer Chittenden, of this town, is the inventor of the first machine, 
in this country, perhaps in the world, for bending and cutting card teeth with 
a single movement. 

That part of the eastern division of this town, which lies between the West 
River and the Ouinnipiack, and between the northern boundary and the har- 
bour, is included within the limits of the city of New-Haven, by the act of 
incorporation. The area of this tract may be about seven square miles. The 
harbor is also included within the limits of the city, and forms an area of 
about six miles. 

The cit}^ of New-Haven lies at the head of the harbour ; which sets up four 
miles from Long-Island Sound, in 41 degrees 18 minutes N. latitude, 72 de- 
grees 56 minutes, W. longitude ; 76 miles from New-York, 166 from Phila- 
delphia, 34 from Hartford, 134 from Boston, and 107 from Albany. It is the 
capital of the County, which bears the same nam.e, and the semi-capital of 
Connecticut. 

The harbour of New-Haven is four miles in length, to the point on the east- 
ern side ; on which, within a few years, a light-house has been erected ; and 
240 rods in breadth within the beach, a sand bank projecting from West- 
Haven shore, almost to the channel. — The harbour is formed by the conflu- 
ence of the three rivers, which have been mentioned above. The channel of 
the harbor is the common channel of the Quinnipiack and Mill river; and 
lies near the eastern side. The depth, from the bridge, which crosses these 
two rivers after their junction, styled the Harbour bridge, is fifteen feet at low 
water. It is however, in some degree interrupted by a bar of sand, which 
has been formed in consequence of the erection of an insulated pier, at the 
distance of a mile from the head of Long-Wharf On this bar the depth, at 
low water, is about six or seven feet. A foot and a half has been added to 
the former depth on this bar, by the contraction of the passage for these two 
rivers under the bridge. This benefit is still increasing. 

On the East-Haven side, nearly opposite to the beach, rises at the edge of 
the water, an insulated rock of considerable elevation. Here the United 
States have erected a fortress of brick-work, on which are to be mounted 
seven guns for the defence of the harbour. At this place is stationed a gar- 
rison of 22 men. 

A common tide, in this harbour, rises about six feet ; and spring tides, from 
seven to eight. 



, In moderate winters the navigation is not obstructed by ice. In cold win- 
ters it is obstructed for a short time. In 1804-5, the harbor was covered with 
solid ice during ten weeks. 

The north-western side of the harbor has undergone great changes since 
the settlement of the town. The spot, which was originally called the Winter 
Harbour, on the borders of which, seventy or eighty years since, there was a 
ship yard, is now covered with meadows and gardens. About the same per- 
iod, foreign vessels loaded, and unloaded on the eastern side of Fleet-street, 
about twenty rods above the head of Long-Wharf ; where now the spot is 
also covered vvith gardens. Forty-six years since, there was more water, it 
is believed, at the foot of the wharf, when its length did not exceed thirty rods, 
than there is now, when it is three-fourths of a mile. These changes are 
partly owing to human labour ; partly to the influx of earth, conveyed into it 
by rains and streams ; and partly, and indeed almost entirely, to the continual 
accumulation of what is called Harbor or Creek mud ; believed, not without 
reason, to be principally a marine vegetable. This mud accumulates annu- 
ally, on the northern and western sides of the harbour, and seems not unlikely 
to convert a considerable part of it, finally, into tract of a salt marsh. 

The city is built on the north side of the harbour ; and occupies an area of 
about a square mile. It is divided into two parts ; called the Old, and the 
New Townships. The original or old town was laid out in nine squares ; 
each fifty-two rods on a side, and separated by streets four rods in breadth, 
running S. 30° W. and E. 30° S., and thus forming a quadrangular area, 172 
rods on a side. The central square is open ; and is believed to be the hand- 
somest ground in the United States of this kind. The surrounding squares 
are, by a by-law, divided, each into four. The principal part of the streets, 
forming this division, are opened and built upon. 

The New-Township lies immediately eastward of the Old. This is a beau- 
tiful tract, bounded on two sides by Mill river, and the harbour. The houses 
here have, within a few years, become numerous ; as they have, also, in other 
parts of the exterior. 

The whole number of houses in the city of New Haven is 750: of which 
314 are built on the streets forming the squares. The stores, shops, barns, 
&c. are scarcely less numerous than the houses. The style of building gen- 
erally adopted here, is neat, and in but few instances expensive. A few of the 
houses are of three stories ; a moderate number of one ; the rest, supposed 
to be more than 600, are of two. There are forty brick, and eleven stone 
buildings. Many of the rest are probably destined to be the materials of a 
future conflagration. 

In the year 1800 there were no buildings of Rock Stone in the City, except 
a small Powder House ; and but two buildings of Free Stone. At the same 
time there were but 2 fire-proof buildings. The neatness of the houses is 
extended to everything around them. Little, that is old, or unrepaired, meets 
the eye. The courts, and gardens, which exist almost everywhere, are 
prettily enclosed. Fruit trees, and ornamental trees and shrubs, abound every 
where. Upon the whole, few places make a more delightful appearance. 

The scenery around New-Haven is uncommonly rich. The East and West 
Rocks, particularly, are, for their height, very fine eminences, remarkably bold 
and striking. 



19 

The public buildings in New-Haven are the collegiate buildings, five 
churches, four school houses, a State-house, a county-house, a gaol, a bank, 
an almshouse, and a market ; all of them decent, but none of them beautiful. 

The agriculture carried on within the limits of this city, is directed to most 
of the objects, pursued in the husbandry of this countr}'. Wheat, rye, maize, 
barley, oats, flax and grass, are the principal products. Wheat has yielded 
40 bushels, rye 28, barley 45, majze 80, Oats, 60 ; flax 620 lbs. and grass 4 tons 
an acre. Neither buckwheat, nor hemp, is cultivated in our fields. The an- 
nual produce cannot be estimated. 

The kiln-dried meal exported annually amounts to between five and six 
thousand hogsheads ; it has greatl)' exceeded this quantity. 

The quantity of land,pla7ited zvith potatoes, is unknown. 

No rotation of crops has hitherto obtained a decided preference. 

The only grasses, cultivated with the plough, are clover and herdsgrass or 
foxtail. These have been cultivated with success. 

The onl}' attempts at draining and diking marsh grotmd, have been made on 
the south end of Beaver pond, and on the west meadow. The effects of this 
experiment, in the former instance, have, hitherto, been promising ; but, as 
the work is only in progress, the result cannot be accurately determined. 

In the year 1769, a dike was built across the meadow, on the West river, at 
the bridge ; for the purpose of preventing the salt water from overflowing the 
tract, which lies above the bridge, containing about one hundred and twenty 
acres. A gate was at the same time suspended from the bridge ; which was 
shut by the tide, and opened by the stream, when the tide fell. At that time, 
the whole, or nearly the whole of this ground was a salt marsh. The salt 
grass soon died ; and was succeeded first by white grass, as it is here called, 
and afterwards, on about half of the tract, by spear grass and clover. A part 
of this ground has at times been ploughed, and yielded good crops of maize. 
It contains, also, several valuable orchards of apple trees ; which were planted 
by cattle, and produce an abundance of fruit. It is remarkable, that the 
canker worm has never attacked these orchards. 

The best manure for the lands on this plain is wood ashes, either fresh, or 
after they have been lixiviated. They have many advantages over ever)' other 
kind. Wheat is very rarely blasted on grounds dressed with ashes. On such 
grounds produce of all kinds is abundant ; and, what is remarkable, they in- 
crease the fruit more, and the stem less. Their eflScacy continues longer, by 
three or four times, than that of manure from the stable. Lixiviated ashes, 
also, meliorate the soil finally, by giving it a greater consistence. Manure, 
from the horse stable, increases the effects of drought, and seems ill fitted to 
a dry soil. 

The white-fish, a kind of herring, remarkably fat, and too bony to be eaten, 
have been extensively used, as manure, on both shores of the sound, east of 
New Haven ; and, to some extent here. The process is, either to place a 
layer of the fish upon the ground, and then a layer of earth ; and thus, alter- 
nately, until all the fish are disposed of ; or to spread them on the land, and 
plough them in. In both cases the manure is perfected, when the fish are 
completely dissolved. This is an excellent dressing ; and in many places is 
esteemed superior to every other. The number of fish, necessary to dress an 
acre, is from ten to twelve thousand. These fish, in large shoals, frequent our 



20 

shores in the month of June. As a manure, they appear to suit most soils, 
and almost every kind of vegetation, in the garden as w^ell as in the field. 

The best means of increasing manure, within my knowledge, are, the regular 
accumulation of every thing capable of becoming manure, either in a pile, or 
a pit, so conveniently posited with respect to the house, as to encourage the 
process. A hog-pen will answer this purpose extremely well, if sufficiently 
large ; and may, perhaps, be ordinaril}- the best resort. Earth, occasionally, 
mingled with this mass, will increase the quantity of manure. 

A large quantity of manure might be gathered, without much trouble, b}' 
mowing the weeds, which unfortunately spring up, in such quantities, in so 
many of our fields, and stacking them in heaps, of a convenient size, on the 
spot. A layer of earth should be placed above every layer of weeds. The 
weeds should be mowed, before they have gone to seed. In this manner the 
farmer would gain the double advantage of extirpating weeds, and of increas- 
ing his manure. 

Manure may be also increased by any effectual measures for preserving the 
urine of horses and cattle, while they are confined in the stall. 

Beside the obvious and customary modes of exterminating u<eeds by the 
plough and the hoe, much may be done by collecting the manure, with which 
the land is to be dressed, into a heap or pit, and suffering it to continue, until 
it has gone through a putrefactive process. In this case the seeds swell, and 
perish. A large part of the weeds, found in our fields, are planted in the 
manure, with which they are dressed. 

It is difficult to say what is the best seed time. Anciently, the best time for 
sowing wheat was supposed to be the third week in August. Since the Hes- 
sian fl}'^ began its ravages, the last week in September, and the first and sec- 
ond in October, are generally preferred. In the former case, the white bald 
wheat was almost exclusively cultivated. This was much the best wheat, 
ever known in New-England. It was less exposed to injuries from the frost, 
or the blast, than any other. It yielded more by the acre ; the grain was 
heavier ; the flour was whiter, and better tasted ; and the bread fresh and 
moist much longer. This wheat was, more than any other, the favorite food 
of the fly ; and has, therefore, been for many years disused. The yellow- 
bearded wheat has been substituted for it extensively. Several other kinds 
have been also sown, with different success. 

The only modes oj preventing, or lessening, the ravages of the fly, of which I 
have heard, are, to sow the wheat so late in the autumn, as to escape this 
enemy during that season ; and to sow it only on rich ground. 

No important effects are known to have been derived from changing seeds. 

The lands in this township are almost exclusively cultivated by oxen, or a 
joint team, of oxen and horses. The advantages of employing oxen are, that 
they will endure more fatigue ; draw more steadily, and surely ; are purchased 
for a smaller price ; are keep at much less expense ; are freer from disease ; 
suffer less from labouring on rough grounds ; and perform the labour better ; 
and, when by age or accident they become unfit for labour, they are converted 
into beef. The only advantage of employing horses instead of oxen, is de- 
rived from their speed. 

There is but one ox-waggon in this town. Such waggons are found to be 
very useful for transporting loads over considerable distances. The ox-cart 



21 

will turn much more easily, and discharge its load in most cases with much 
less difficulty, and in much less time. Such carts are, therefore, more con- 
venient for the ordinary business of a farm ; and will probably be long re- 
tained. 

The ploughs and harrows are such as are common to this part of the 
country. 

Drills are not used, except to drop onion seed : and, for this purpose, those 
which are employed here are very serviceable. A single man, with such a 
drill, will plant more than an acre a day. 

We have no threshing machines : but a few vans, of the common construc- 
tion, are employed to winnow wheat, rye, and barley. 

T\x^ fences, with which our fields are generally inclosed, are of posts and 
rails, made in the manner which is common throughout this countr3^ A few 
are formed with three rails : the space between the lower rail and the ground 
being filled up with a wall of stone. This is a good kind of fence, and will 
last many years. The post and rails are of chesnut. Their price has been 
doubled in thirty years, although the sources whence they are supplied, have 
probably not decreased. The expence, by rod, of this fence, is 75 cents. 

Hedges have never succeeded here. Attempts have been made with the 
prim, the apple, the mulberry, and the thorn. The seeds of the latter were 
imported by the late Judge Ingersoll from England. The prim hedges, 
throughout this country, universally died about forty years since. The 
cause of this disaster is unknown. 

It is supposed that hedges might be advantageously formed of red cedar. 

The city of New-Haven contains, probably, as many good kitchen gardens 
as any town in the state : and all, or nearly all the objects of horticulture, 
within the state, may be found here. The vegetables cultivated in our gar- 
dens, are the following : 

* Asparagus, * Endive, 
Beans, * Garden Cresses, 
Beets, 4 * Garlic, 
Cabbages, Maize, 
Carrots, 3 Mustard, 
Cauliflowers, 2 Lettuce, 

Celery, 2 Onions, 3 

* Chives, Parsnips, 2 
Chalots, 2 Parsley, 2 

* Coleworts, Peas, 
Peppergrass, 2 * Scarcity Root, 

Peppers, Spinach, 3 

Radishes, 5 Turnips, 5 

Sal SouflFee, 

The fruits cultivated in our gardens, are, on vines, 

Cantelopes, Squashes, 

Cucumbers, 3 Tomatos, or Love Apples, 

* Gherkins, . Watermelons, 
Mandrakes, Winter Squashes, 
Muskmelons, Grapes, 
Nasturtions, 

On shrubs. 
Currants, 3 Rasberries, 5 

Gooseberries, 



22 

Om trees, 

* Almonds, Peaches, 
Apples, Pears, 

* Apricots, Plums, 

Cherries, Quinces, 2 

* Nectarines, 

On plaftts, 
Strawberries, 6 Vegetable Egg. 

The kinds marked with an asterisk, have but one species in our gardens. 
The figures, on the right hand, denote the number of species. Of the kinds, 
to which no mark is annexed, there are so many species, that the number is 
not easily determined. 

Cauliflowers are less prosperous here, than in a moister soil. The best 
mode of cultivating them, is to sow the seed as early, as the season will per- 
mit ; and to set out the plants in trenches, dug to the depth and width of a 
spade, with a covering at the bottom of three inches of manure, and three 
inches of earth spread over the manure. The two great evils to which cauli- 
flowers are exposed in this country, are these : They are often blown down 
by strong winds in August and September; and their stems are often shriv- 
elled and cracked, by the intense heat. When they are only shrivelled, the 
vegetation is obstructed ; and the flower is starved for want of nourishment. 
When they are cracked, the rain enters the stalk, and it perishes. Both of 
these are prevented by setting them in trenches, and covering the stem with 
earth as fast as it rises. 

The Madeira purple grape ordinarily sustains our winters without injury ; 
but they are liable to be hurt by seasons of extraordinary severity. The 
raisin grape is more easily injured. The trouble of covering them is so 
small, that I have preferred it. The best way of covering them is to lay 
them on the ground ; spread over them a quantity of refuse hay, or seaweed ; 
and cover this with six inches of earth. 

The best strawberry for cultivation, is the large meadow strawberry of this 
country. They are originally of the same species with that of Chili ; but are 
ripe about a week earlier, and are a little larger, sweeter, and more prolific. 

The best mode of cultivating strawberries is to set them out in beds, the 
second or third week in April. They should be set in longitudinal rows : 
the meadow and Chili strawberries about 9 inches, the hautboy about 6 
inches, apart each way. They should be kept clean, until the shoots have 
spread so much, as to make it inconvenient. They will then speedily cover the 
ground, so as to render further weeding chiefly unnecessary. In the New- 
Haven gardens the large strawberries will continue in full bearing five years. 
Cultivating them in hills is far more laborious ; in dry seasons they are 
shrunk • in wet seasons they are sprinkled with earth, and made gritty by 
every rain ; and the quantity obtained is incomparably less. These evils are 
not balanced by a single advantage. It is much less trouble to set them out 
every year ; as the labor can be done by small children. 

The field strawberry, which is ten days earlier than that of the meadows, 
is also sweeter. But after eight years cultivation in my garden it has not in- 
creased its size at all, whereas the meadow strawberry has doubled its size. 

The most productive rasberry is the English brown. 



^3 

The peach is often injured by a worm, which inserts itself within the bark, 
just at the surface of the earth ; and eats both the bark, and the wood till it 
destroys the tree. An effectual defence against this animal may be obtained 
by smearing the tree, about two inches below the surface, and five above, 
with tar ; an ointment of roll brimstone and hog's lard, a whitewash made of 
lime, and water containing a strong solution of cow dung ; and almost any 
other substance, which will effectually incase the tree. Before the appli- 
cation is made, however, the worm should be taken out. This is usually 
done with a knife ; and is apt to be done imperfectly. An effectual mode of 
accomplishing it is, to place immediately around the tree about two quarts of 
fresh ashes, and to turn upon them a sufficient quantity of pretty warm water. 
The ley formed in this manner, will force the worm out immediately. 

Here and in most parts of this country, the Morello cherry tree, and most 
kind of plum trees, have been stung in the small twigs by an insect : which in 
this manner inserts its egg into the centre of the twig. After the maggot is 
hatched, it feeds on the wood of the twig, until it has attained the proper 
size to leave its nidus. Still the growth of the twig goes on ; and becomes 
fungous. The protuberance, thus formed, turns black, and becomes hard : 
in wliich state it is indiiferently called a wart, and a knot. These warts have, 
for some years past, multiplied to such an extent, as to be found upon almost 
all the small branches of the trees ; and, in many instances, to ruin them. 
If I may conjecture from the facts in my own garden, these insects, which I 
am persuaded are of different kinds, have, for the present, terminated their 
ravages, at least in this town. 

The best mode of extirpating the insects and worms, zvhich generally molest 
gardefis, the best, I mean, within my knowledge, is to plough or dig them in 
the latter part of November. If this be done three years sucessively, in a 
garden which is not in the near neighborhood of any other ground, cultivated 
with the plough, or spade, they will be nearly all destroyed. A strong de- 
coction of the leaves of the elder, or the burdock, will expel most insects 
from the plants, which they injure. The late Abraham Burbank, Esq. of 
West Springfield, informed me, that he had found no method of exterminat- 
ing worms from his garden so effectual as sowing it with salt. The experi- 
ment is well worth repeating; especially as salt is an excellent manure. 

The quantity of cider, made in this town, is comparatively small. 

7^0 make the best cider, the following rules should be observed. The apples 
should be of good kinds, and thoroughly ripe. If not ripe when they are 
gathered, they should be collected in heaps under cover. 

Those, which are rotten, should be carefully picked out. 

They should be thoroughly ground. 

The pumice should be left open to the atmosphere from twelve to twenty- 
four hours. 

The liquor should be made clean as possible. For this purpose the first 
runnings from the cheese may be advantageously passed through it the sec- 
ond time. The same purpose may be also accomplished in several other 
modes. It may be placed in large vessels ; and drawn oflT, whenever the 
scum shall all have risen to the surface. It may be racked once or twice in 
the cellar ; and, the first time, at the moment when it has ceased to hiss. 

After the liquor is put into casks, which should always be perfectly sweet, 



24 

it should be kept uniformly cool. The English, in Herefordshire, place it in 
houses, built for the purpose. The design of this is to check, as much as 
may be, the fermentation. Some persons accomplish this by drawing it off 
frequently ; others, by letting it freeze, and afterwards thaw again. Either 
mode ma)' be pursued with success. If the fermentation is rendered very 
slow, the great point is gained. After the process has proceeded thus far, 
and the fermentation is completed, the chief things to be done towards pre- 
serving it, seem to be, to exclude the air entirely, to keep it cool, and to 
keep it in a temperature, which shall, as near as possible, be uniform. In a 
cold and moist cellar stout cider is well kept through the summer in good 
casks ; but this cannot easily be done in cellars, which are warm, and dry. 

It is a bad practice to put cider into casks, which have contained rum, or 
brandy, It may, however, be successfully enriched by adding to it the lees 
of Lisbon, or strong currant, wine. But the only spirit, which can be used 
to increase its strength without injuring its taste, is cider brandy. 

Should the cider be bottled, the bottles should be filled scarcely to the 
neck ; otherwise they will be in danger of bursting. If the fermentation 
should be too rapid after the liquor is bottled, the bottles should be covered 
with sand, almost to the cork, and occasionally wet with cold water. 

Casks which have become acid, may be made sweet by slacking, in each, 
about a quart of stone lime in hot water ; bunging them ; rolling them ; and 
then letting them stand a few days before they are rinsed. This may be done 
by burning, in each, matches of brimstone. 

Musty casks may be cleansed by taking out one of the heads, and washing 
them thoroughly : after which they should be well rinsed, and suffered to 
dry. 

Apples can be well preserved in dry sand ; or in air-tight casks. In this case, 
however, they should be taken out once in the winter ; the defective ones re- 
moved ; and those, which are sound, wiped dry. 

Some of the most successful inoculations, which I have seen, have been 
done in the last of April, or the first of May. They were of peaches. 

The bitter Almond, it is believed, would furnish the best stocks for peaches 
and apricots : as the peach worm is never known to attack this tree. 

The wild plum, commonly called the red plum, of New-England, is also 
recommended for this purpose. 

Any fruit may be multiplied, indefinitely, by planting the seeds, or stones, 
taken from a tree, standing singly : i. e. at such a distance from every other 
of the kind, or genus, that the farina of the blossoms shall not be mixed. 
This mixture is made partly by winds, blowing the farina a considerable dis- 
tance, from blossom to blossom ; and partly by bees, which convey the 
farina, also, to a still greater distance. In this manner, the finest cherries, 
peaches, and plums, may be obtained from the stone. 

Cherries should be planted by laying the stones on the surface, and spread- 
ing over them some loose brush. The brush will keep the ground light, and 
moist ; and will prevent the stones from being removed or buried. If they 
are buried, they will rarely spring at all. 

Plums may be successfully planted in the same manner. 

Peaches may be advantageously planted in the following manner. De- 
press a small spot of the earth, previously made light, a very little below the 



25 



surface. In this spot set as many peach stones, as you choose, to such a 
depth, as that the sharp point of each shall be barely visible. Then cover the 
spot with a thin, flat stone, until they shall have begun to germinate. This 
you will learn by taking up the stone occasionally. When they have had a 
year's growth, they should be transplanted. 

A very easy, and at the same time, successful, mode of obtaining fine 
peaches is the following. Take peach stones from a garden, which contains 
none but fine fruit. Scatter them over your garden in great numbers, and dig 
them in without any attention. A considerable number of them will spring 
every year. All, or nearly all, these will produce fruit of an excellent qual- 
ity: sometimes of the same sorts with those of the original trees ; at other 
times, of new sorts, formed by various mixtures of the farina. The new sorts 
will be, regularly, fine ; frequently as fine, and sometimes finer, than the very 
best of the original ones. The trees, also, will usually have more vigour 
than those, which have been inoculated. This experiment I have made with 
complete success. 

The best time for pmning trees is when thej^ are in blossom. The reason is, 
the wounds will be more effectually healed, than at an)^ other time. 

For the following account of vegetable productions, found in New- 
Haven, the Academy are indebted to Dr. Eli Ives. The words in Capital 
letters denote the Genera, the small letters the Species. 



Scientific Name. 

Ager, 

negundo, 

rubrum, 

saccharinum, 

Achillea, 

millefolia, 

ACORUS, 

calamus, 

ACTEA, 

racemosa, 

spicata, 

Adiantum, 

Agaricus, 

Agrimonia, 

cupatoria, 

Alisma, 

plantago. 

Allium, 

canadense, 

Alnus, 

Communis, 

Alopecurus, 

pratensis, 

Althcea, 

officinalis. 

Hibiscus, 

palustria, 

Amaranthus, 

albus, 

hybridus, 

Ambrosia, 

Anagallis, 



Common name. 

Maple, 

white, 

red, 

sugar. 

Yarrow, 

common. 

Sweet Flag, 

cohush, 

cohush. 

Maiden Hair, 

Agaric, 

Agrimony, 

common, 

Water Plantain 

common, 

Garlick, 

wild, 

Alder, 

(Clayton) 

Foxtail Grass, 

herds. 

Marsh Mallow, 

common, 



Princes feathers, 



Eye Bright, 



Scientific na?ne. 

arvensis 

Anemone, 

hepatica, 

pennsylvanica, 

thalictroides, 

Angelica, 

archangelica, 

Anthemis, 

cotula, 

Antirrhinum, 

canadense, 

linaria, 

Apocynum, 

androsemifolium, 

canabinum, 

Aquilegia, 

canadensis, 

Aralia, 

nudicaulis, 

racemosa, 

spinosa, 

Arctium, 

lappa, 

Arenari, 

liniflora, 

rubra, 

tenuifolia, 

Aristolochia, 

serpentaria, 

Artemisia, 

absinthium, 

santonica, 



Common name. 
common. 
Wind Flower, 
liver wort, 
thimble weed, 

Angelica, 
officinal. 
Chamomile, 
may weed. 
Toad Flax, 
Canadian, 
common. 
Dogs Bane, 

Indian hemp. 

Columbine, 

wild, 

Aralia, 

wild sarsaparilla, 

spikenard, 

prickley ash. 

Burdock, 

common. 

Sandwort, 

low century, 

orange grass, 

snakeroot, 

common. 

Wormwood, 

common, 

wormseed. 



26 



vulgaris, 


mugwort. 


CiRCEA, 


Enchanters 


Arum, 


Indian Turnip, or 




[night shade 


tryphillum, 


[wake robin. 


lutetiana, 


common, 


ASARUM, 


Asarabacca, 


CiSTUS, 


Rock Rose, 


arifollum, 


heart snakeroot, 


canadensis. 


Canadian, 


canadense, 


coltsfoot, 


caroliniana. 




ASCLEPIAS, 


Milk weed, 


Clematis, 


Virgin's Bower, 


decumbens, 


white root. 


dioica. 




lactifera, 


common. 


purpureus. 


purple. 


pubescens, 


indian hemp, 


Clethra, 




undulata, 




alnifolia. 


white bush. 


verticellata, 




Clinopodium, 




Asparagus, 


Asparagus, 


vulgare, 


wild hyssop. 


officinalis, 


officinal. 


Cochlearia, 




Aster, 


Star wort. 


armoracia, 


horse radish. 


novae angliae, 


New-England, 


Collinsonia, 




Atriplex, 


Orache, 


canadensis. 


horse weed. 


Azalea, 


Honeysuckle, 


Convallaria, 


Solomon's seal. 


viscosa. 


upright. 


bifolia. 




Bartsia, 


Queen of the 


polygonatum. 


common. 


coccinea. 


[Meadows, 


Convolvulus, 


Bind weed, 


Berberis, 


Barberry, 


purpureus. 




vulgaris, 


common, 


sepium. 


common, 


Betula, 


Birch, 


CORNUS, 


Dog wood. 


alba. 


white, 


alba. 


white berried, 


nigra. 


black. 


canadensis. 




Bidens, 


Cuckold Weed, 


cericea. 


red willow. 


bipinnata. 


hemlock leaved. 


florida. 


common, 


Cactus, 


Rock Pair, 


sanguinea. 




opuntia, 


common. 


CORYLUS, 


Hazle Nut, 


Campanula, 


Bell Flower, 


americana. 


common, 


perfoliata. 




Cuscuta, 


Dodder, 


Canabis, 


Hemp, ) natur- 


reflexa. 


common, 


sativa, 


common, \ alized 


scolymus. 




Carduus, 


Thistle, 


Datura, 


Thorn apple, 


canadensis. 


Canadian, 


stramonium. 


common. 


communis. 


common. 


Daucus, 


Carrot, 


Carpinus, 


Horn Beam, 


sylvestris. 


wild. 


americana, 


american. 


Dracontium, 


Skunk's cabbage, 


Cassia, 


Cassia, 


foetidum. 


common, 


chamsecrista, 




Epilobium, 




marilandica. 


wild senna, 


palustre. 




Ceanothus, 


N. Jersey Tea, 


Erythronium, 


dog's tooth violet, 


americanus. 


common. 


dens canis. 




Celastrus, 


Bitter Sweet, 


Eupatorium, 




scandens. 


common, 


canabinum. 




Cephalanthus, 


Button weed. 


perfoliatum. 


thorough wort. 


occidentalis, 


or head flower. 


scandens. 




Cerastium, 


Mouse ear, chick 


sessilifolium. 






[weed. 


verticillatum. 


gravel root. 


viscosum. 


sticky, 


Fagus, 


Beech, 


vulgatum. 


common. 


castanea. 


chesnut. 


Chelidonium, 


Celandine, 


sylvatica. 


beech nut. 


majus. 


greater. 


Fragaria, 


Strawberry, 


Chenopodum, 




carolinia. 


meadow. 


album. 


white pig weed. 


vesca. 


common. 


anthelminticum. 


Jerusalem oak. 


virginiana. 


wild. 


Chysanthemum, 


Daisy, 


Fraxinus, 


Ash, 


leucanthemum. 


common. 




white. 


CiCHORIUM, 


Succory, 




swamp. 


intybus. 


wild. 


Galenia, 





27 



\ 



decumbens, 

Galium, 

bermudianum, 

parisience, 

uliginosum, 

Gaultheria, 

procumbens, 

Gerardia, 

flava, 

purpurea, 

quercifolia, 

tenuifolia. 

Geranium, 

robertianum, 

sanguineum, 

Geum, 

rivale, 

urbanum, 

Gnapiialium, 

gratissimum, 

Hamamelis, 

virginica, 

Hedysarum, 

Helianthus, 
divaricatus, 
Helleborus, 
trifolius, 

HUMULUS, 

sylvestris, 

Hyoscyamus, 

niger, 

Hypericum, 

maculatum, 

perforatum, 

Hypoxis, 

erecta, 

Impatiens, 

noli me tangere, 

Imperatoria, 

Inula, 

helenium. 

Iris, 

pseudacorus, 

versicolor, 

JUGLANS, 

alba, 
amara, 
cinerea, 
squamosa, 

JUNIPERUS, 

communis, 

virginiana, 

Kalmia, 

latafolia, 

Lactuca, 

virosa, 

Laurus, 

benzion, 

sassafras, 



phthisic weed. 

Ladies' bed straw 

common, 

wild liquorice, 

bastard wild do. 

Wintergreen 

chickberry, 

yellow, 



Crane's bill, 

avens root, 

water, 

common, 

everlasting, 

witch hazel, 
St. Foin wild, 

Sun flower, 
wild, 

gold thread. 

Hop, 

wild, 

Henbane, 

black, 

St. John's wort. 

spotted, 

common. 

Star flower, 

common, 

clear wort, 

master wort, 

elecampane. 
Flower de luce, 
blue flag. 

Walnut, 

white, 

bitter, 

butternut, 

shagbark, 

Juniper, 

common, 

red cedar, 

Laurel, 

ivy. 

Lettuce, 

wild, 

Laurel, 

spice bush, 

sassafras, 



Leontodon, 

taraxacum, 

Leonurus, 

cardiaca, 

marrubiastrum, 

Ligustrum, 

vulgare, 

LiLIUM, 

canadense, 

pennsylvanicum. 

Liquid amber, 

styraciflua, 

Liriodendron, 

tulipifera. 

Lobelia, 

cardinalis, 

inflata, 

linearis, 

urens, 

Lonicera, 

diervilla, 

semper virens, 

Ludwegia, 

alternifolia, 

LUPINUS, 

perennis, 

Lycopus, 

virginicus, 

Lythrum, 

salicifolia, 

verticillata, 

Malva, 

americana, 

Marrubium, 

vulgare, 

Matricaria, 

aquatica, 

Medeola, 

virginica, 

Mentha, 

pulegium, 

viridis, 

MiMULUS, 

ringens, 

MirCHELLA, 

repens, 

MONOTROPA, 

hypopithys, 

MORUS, 

alba, 

nigra, 

Myrica. 

cerifera, 

Nepeta, 

cataria, 

NYMPHiE, 

alba, 
lutea, 

Nyssa, 
aquatica, 

OENOTHERA, 



Dandelion, 
common. 
Mother wort, 
common. 

Prim, 
common, 
Lily, 
Canadian, 
Pennsylvanian, 
Sweet Fern, 
common, 
Tulip Tree, 
white wood, 
Lobelia, 
meadow pink, 
Indian tobacco. 



Honey Suckle, 



Water Purslane, 

Lupine, 

[hound. 
Water Hore- 
common. 
Willow Herb, 
common. 

Mallows, 

common, 

Horehound, 

common. 

Feverfew, 

water, 

wild cucumber. 

Mint, 

pennyroyal, 

spear. 

Monkey Flower, 

common, 

Patridge berry, 

Beech drop, 

common. 

Mulberry, 

white, 

black, 

Bayberry, 

common, 

Catnep, 

common. 

Pond Lily, 

white, 

yellow, 

Tupelo Tree, 

Pepperidge, 



28 



biennis, 

Onosma, 

asperifolia, 

Orchis, 

ciliaris, 

palmata, 

OXALIS, 

acetocella, 

Penthorum, 

sedoides, 

Physalis, 

viscosa, 

Phytolacca, 

decandra, 

PiNUS, 

abies, 
pinea, 
strobus, 

PiSUM, 

maritimum, 

Plantago, 

major. 

virginica, 

Platanus, 

occidentalis, 

POA, 

annua, 

compressa. 

Polygonum, 

arifolium, 

aviculare, 

convolvulus, 

hydropiper, 

pennsylvanicum, 

sagittatum, 

setosum, 

POLYPODIUM, 

vulgare, 
POPULUS, 

nigra, 
tremuloides, 

PORTULACCA, 

oleracia, 

POTENTILLA, 

canadensis, 
frageroides, 
pennsylvanica, 

POTERIUM, 

sanguisorba. 

Prunella, 

pennsylvanica, 

Prunus, 

americana, 

canadensis, 

maritima, 

montana, 

virginiana, 

Pyrola, 

minor, 

rotundifolia, 

umbellata, 



scabish, 



Orchis, 
orange colored. 

Wood Sorrel, 
common, 



ground cherry, 

Pokeweed, 

common. 

Pine Tree, 

hemlock, 

yellow, 

white. 

Pea, 

sea. 

Plantain, 

great, 

Virginian, 

Button Wood, 

common, 

Meadow Grass, 

dwarf, 

blue grass, 



knot grass, 
bind weed, 
water pepper, 

scrach grass, 

POLYPOD, 

common. 

Poplar Tree, 

black, 

aspen. 

Purslane, 

common, 

Cinquefoil, 



Burnet, 
common. 
Self heal, 
common, 
Cherry Tree, 
yellow plum, 

beach plum, 
mountain, 
black, 

Wintergreen, 
princes pine, 
shin leaf, 



Pyrus. 

communis, 

coronaria, 

Quercus, 

alba, 

montana, 

nigra, 

rubra. 

Ranunculus, 

bulbosus, 

5celleratus, 

Rhexia, 

mariana, 

Rhus, 

copallinum, 

glabrum, 

radicans, 

toxicodendron, 

t3'phynum, 

vernix, 

RiBES, 

nigra, 

Robinia, 

pseud-acacia, 

Rosa, 

canina, 

rubiginosa, 

RUBUS, 

occidentalis, 
odoratus, 

RUMEX, 

acetosella, 

acutus, 

brittanica, 

Sagittaria, 

sagitifolia, 

Salicornia, 

virginica, 

Salix, 

alba, 

viticellina, 

Sambucus, 

canadensis, 

nigra, 

Sanicula, 

marilandica, 

Saracenia, 

purpurea, 

SCANDIX, 

odorata, 
procumbens, 

SCROPHULARIA, 

marilandica, 

Scutellaria, 

galericulata, 

h)'ssopifolia, 

Senecio, 

hieracifolius, 

Serratula. 

SiDA, 

Silene, 



Pear, 

common, 

crab apple. 

Oak, 

white, 

mountain, 

black, 

red. 

Crow Foot, 



Sumach, 

common, 

mercury, 

poison oak, 

stags horn, 

poison ash. 

Currants, 

black. 

Locust Tree, 

common. 

Rose, 

wild, 

sweet briar, 

Rasberry, 

wild, 

mountain. 

Dock, 

sheep sorrel, 

sharp pointed, 

Arrow Head, 
arrow leaved, 

samphire, 

Willow, 

white, 

yellow, 

Elder, 

common, 

Sanicle, 

common, [er, 

SideSaddle Flow- 

purple. 

Cicely, 

sweet scented, 

FiGWORT, 

common, 
Scull-cap, 
helmet shaped. 

Ground Sel, 

Devil's Bit, 
Sida Mallows, 



29 



stellata, 
viscosa, 

SiNAPIS, 

nigra, 

Sisymbrium, 

nasturtium, 

SiSYRINCHIUM, 

anceps, 

Smilax, 
laurifolia, 

SOLANUM, 

dulcamara, 
nigrum, 

SOLIDAGO, 

canadenis, 
virga aurea, 

SONCHUS, 

palustris, 

SOPHORA, 

flavescens, 

Spirea, 

salicifolia, 

ulmaria, 

Statice, 

limonium, 

SlUM, 

rigidum, 

Symphitum, 

officinale, 

Tanacetum, 

vulgaris, 

Teucrium, 

canadense, 

Thalictrum, 

dioicum, 

Thlaspi, 

bursa pastoris. 

Thuya, 

occidentalis, 

TiLIA, 

americana, 
Trifolium, 



Mustard, 
black, 

watercress, 

blue grass, 

green briar. 
Nightshade, 
woody bitter-sweet, 
common. 
Golden Rod, 

common. 
Sow Thistle, 
marsh, 

wild indigo, 
Spirea, 



marsh rosemary, 
Water Parsnip, 
rough cow parsnip, 

COMFREY, 

officinal, 

Tansey, 

common. 

Germander, 

common, 

meadow rue, 

shepherd's purse, 

white cedar, 
Bass Wood, 
common. 
Clover, 



arvense, 

pratense, 

repens, 

Triosteum, 

perfoliatum, 

tussilago, 

Typha, 

latifolia, 

Vaccinium, 

corymbosum, 

ligustrum, 

macro carpon, 

Veratrum, 

album, 

Verbascum, 

thaspus. 

Verbena, 

hastata, 

urticifolia, 

Veronica, 

virginica. 

Viburnum, 

dentatum, 

opulus. 

ViCIA, 

craca. 
Viola, 
canadensis, 
obliqua, 

VlTIS, 

labrusca, 

vulpina, 

Ulmus, 

americana, 

fulva, 

Urtica, 

aquatica, 

inermis. 

UVULARIA, 

perfoliata, 

Xyris, 

indica, 



downy, 

meadow, 

white, 

wild gentian, 
Colt's Foot, 

Cat's Tail, 

Whortleberry, 

Bilberry, 

common, 

cranberry. 

White Hellebore, 
Mullein, 
great, 
Vervain, 



[Root, 
Culver or Physic 



snow ball. 
Vetch, 
common, 
Violet, 



Grape, 

black, 

frost. 

Elm Tree, 

common, 

slippery. 

Nettle, 

water, 

smooth. 

Grape Wort, 

common. 

Yellow-eyed 

common, [grass. 



The number of tenants is here so small, and the circumstances are so far 
peculiar, that no valuable information can be derived from the existing state 
of facts. The lands leased are commonly taken, on the condition of return- 
ing a part of the produce, according to a specific agreement between the pro- 
prietor and the lessee. They are commonly leased, only for one, or a very 
few years. 

The emigrations from the city of New-Haven are so irregular, as to admit of 
no correct estimate. The great body of the emigrants are merchants, mechan- 
ics or seamen ; the principal part of whom remove to other commercial 
towns in the U. States, and the rest to foreign countries, for the purpose of 
carrying on their respective occupations to greater advantage. The places of 
these emigrants are continually supplied by immigration ; as is evident from 
the fact, that, although new houses are annually erected here, every house is 
full ; and many contain two or more families. The same fact is still more 
definitely exhibited, by the increase of the citizens since the year 1800. 



30 

As New-Haven is the shire town of this county, all the capital piinishmaUs 
in the county have been inflicted here. The whole number of these is thir- 
teen : one of them, however, was thejexecution of a man, pursuant to the sen- 
tence of a'court martial, for enlisting soldiers to fight against the country, in 
the time of the revolutionary war. In what part of the country the man was 
resident, I am ignorant. He had lately crossed from Long-Island ; and was 
apprehended somewhere on the coast. His name was Griswold. 

The first person'executed, was a Pequod ; who was hung for some of his 
conduct in the Pequod war.tr He was executed in 1639. 

The two next were executed for bestiality, in 1642 and 1655. 

The next for sodomy, in 1655. 

The next for bestiality, in 1662. 

Three of these, perhaps the fourth, came from England. 

The three next were Indians ; probably Quinnipiacks ; who, in the woods 
of East-Haven, murdered one of the colonists in 1700. 

The next was a black woman, who cut the throat of her master's daughter, 
at Wallingford ; apparently with the hope, that she might cease to be a slave, 
and return, as she said, to her own countr}'. 

The next was an Indian, Moses Paul, executed for murdering a Mr. Cook, 
of Waterbury, in 1772. 

The next was Griswold, in 1778. 

The last was a black man, name'd Joseph Mountain, executed for a rape, 
in 1790. Of the whole number, executed during the one hundred and sev- 
enty-three years, which have elapsed since New-Haven was settled, 
5 were whites ; 
5 were Indians ; and 
3 were blacks. 

Of the whites, all, except Griswold, and one more, were born in England ; 
and all but Griswold were executed during the first twenty-four years after 
the arrival of the colonists. It is to be remembered, that, although the supe- 
rior classes of the New-Haven colonists were distinguished for excellence of 
character, the peasantry, and servants, were generally not less distinguished 
for vice and profligacy. 

One native of New-Haven, only, has ever suffered for a capital crime ; a 
boy 15 years of age ; if, indeed, he was born here. It is to be observed, how- 
ever, that two children in New-Haven, and one in Milford, were, in the years 
1653, 1656, and 1663, convicted of arson ; but had their lives spared, on 
account of their tender age. 

There have been also thirteen instances of suicide in this town, since its 
first settlement. One, a woman, supposed to be under the influence of dis- 
appointed love. 

One, a man, under the influence of jealousy. 

One, a Frenchman, from vexation. 

One, a Dutchman, intoxicated. 

One, a young gentleman from South-Carolina, who while studying law at 
Litchfield, rode to the skirts of this town ; and, having sent his servant for- 
ward, alighted under a tree on the western border of the new burying ground, 
and shot himself upon the day of the public Commencement of Yale Col- 
lege, anno 1796. 



3» 

One, a woman, is said to have been afflicted with religious melancholy. 

One is said to have been insane. 

Four of these were not natives of New-Haven. Of the remainder, some, it 
is not known how many, were born here. 

It is not easy to determine 'w\vQn pleasure carriages first began to be used in 
New-Haven. Fifty years since, there were but four chaises and chairs. 
There are now from ninety to a^hundred made in a year. 

The manufactures of this town are chiefly included in the following list : 

Leather, Candles, 

Boots, Scythes, . 

Shoes, Nails, 

Saddlery, Axes, 

Morocco Leather, Tin Ware, 

Bellows, Combs, 

Leather Gloves, Paper, 

Worsted Gloves, Powder, 

Mittens, Brushes, 

Pleasure Carriages, Cabinet work, 

Cordage, Windsor and other Chairs, 

Hats, A great variety of articles in gold and 

Clocks, silver. 

Brass Furniture, &c. Trunks, 

Bells, Straw Hats. 

Soap, 

Eli Whitney, Esq. a gentleman born at Westborough, in Massachusetts, 
educated at Yale College, and afterward for many years a resident in this 
town, is the author of a machine, entirely new, both in its form and princi- 
ples, for cleansing the upland cotton, cultivated in the southern states, from 
its seeds. They were formerly picked out with the hand: and to cleanse a 
pound was esteemed a laborious day's work. With the aid of this machine, 
one person will cleanse a thousand pounds in a day with great ease. As a 
labor-saving machine, therefore, it has probably never been equaled. 

From the returns made to the Treasury Department, it appears, that in the 
year ending Sept. 30th, 1807, more than fifty-five millions of pounds of this 
cotton were exported from the United States to foreign markets. The quan- 
tity manufactured in the United States, in the same time, is estimated at five 
millions more. Sixty millions of pounds, therefore, valued at twenty cents 
per pound, and amounting to twelve millions of dollars, have, in a single 
year, been added, by the operation of this machine, to the stock of human 
comforts. 

The manufacture of these machines was, for a number of years, carried on 
by Mr. Whitney in this town. 

This species of cotton was never brought to market, until after the inven- 
tion of this machine. 

The same gentleman has established, near the northern boundary of New- 
Haven, a manufactory of fire arms. It stands upon Mill river, already men- 
tioned ; a stream which, furnishing a copious supply of water round the year, 
is happily fitted for every kind of water works. 

In this manufactory muskets are made in a manner which I believe to be 
singular. In forming the various parts of the musket, machinery, put in 
motion by water, and remarkably well adapted to the end, is used for ham- 
mering, cutting, turning, perforating, grinding, polishing, &c. The propor- 



32 

tions and relative positions of the locks are so exactly alike, and the screws, 
springs, and other limbs so nearly similar, that they may be transferred from 
one lock and adjusted to another, without any material alteration. This 
desirable object is accomplished by an apparatus which is simple, and at the 
same time ingenious and peculiar. By an application of the same principles, 
a much greater uniformity has also been given to every part of the muskets, 
made in this manufactory, than can be found in those made in any other 
place. The advantages, in actual service, resulting from this unusual degree 
of uniformity, are too obvious to need explanation. 

This establishment was undertaken by the proprietor without having, him- 
self, had any experience in the manufacture of fire arms : and all the work- 
men, employed in bringing it into operation, were wholly unskilled in the 
art : none of them having ever wrought at any branch of the business. Under 
these circumstances he was necessitated to adopt methods of his own : and, 
as skillful artists were not to be obtained, to devise a system, in which the 
more faithful and correct operations of machinery should supply the want of 
experience in the workmen. Hence modes of working iron, steel, and other 
metals and materials, have been introduced, which are new and peculiar; 
and which experience has shewn to be practically and eminently useful. 

There are in New-Haven, 

29 houses concerned in foreign trade, 

41 stores of dry goods, 

42 grocery stores, 

4 ship chandlery do. 

2 wholesale hardware do. 

3 wholesale dry goods do. 

I wholesale glass and crockery do. 
I furrier's do. 
10 apothecary do. 

6 traders in lumber, 3 comb-makers, 

1 in paper hangings, 4 windsor-chair-makers, 

5 tallow chandlers, i engraver, 

2 brass founders, 14 coopers, 

3 brasiers, i wheelright, 

29 blacksmiths, i leather dresser, 
I bell founder, i nailer, 

9 tanners, 15 masons, 

30 shoe and boot makers, 3 stone cutters, 
9 carriage makers, 2 book binders, 

7 goldsmiths, 26 tailors, 

4 watchmakers, 7 curriers, 

6 shoe stores, 4 printers, 

7 manufactories of hats, 5 barbers, 

5 hat stores, 3 tinners, 

4 harness makers, 2 paper makers, 

5 cabinet makers, 2 block makers. 
About 50 carpenters. 

There are 

5 printing-presses, 

4 book stores, 

2 newspapers published, 

3 rope-walks, 
2 sail-lofts, 

I ship-yard, 

5 bakers, 

17 butcher's stalls, 
16 schools ; 12 inns. 



33 

There are also 

6 clergymen, 
i6 lawyers, 

9 practising ph3'sicians, 
I surgeon. 

We have no breweries. A considerable brewery was erected here by some 
Englishmen, a few years since ; but the principal buildings having been 
burned, it was discontinued. 

Among the fish found in the harbour and streams of New-Haven, are the 
following : 

Roach, Succomog;3, 

Place, Shiners, 

Flounders, Yellow Fins, 

River Bass, or Rock fish, Dumb fish. 

Sea Perch, Blue fish. 

Shad, Frost fish. 

Greenbacks, Sheepshead, 

Black fish. Eels, 

White fish. Trout, and, now and then, a Salmon. 

None of these fish are caught in the winter, except Eels and Frost-fish. 
The rest, except Shad and White-Jish, are not sufficiently numerous to make 
fishing a serious business. Shad are taken in considerable numbers, when 
the season is favourable, and were formerly much more numerous. In the 
Ouinnipiack, a little below Dragon bridge, 2400 have been taken at a single 
draught. Considerable numbers are also taken about a mile above, at the 
place called Lime Hollow, and in various places, as high as Wallingford. 
Of such importance was the fishery esteemed, that a considerable number of 
law suits were carried on for the purpose of acquiring, or defending titles to 
the fishing places. 

Beside these fish, a variety of others, which are not eatable, are found occa- 
sionally in our waters. Among them are the Shark, the Porpoise, the Stur- 
geon, the Dog-fish, the Toad-fish, &c. Sharks are rare ; and neither the por- 
poise, nor the sturgeon, very common. 

The shell fish, found here, are the oyster, the long clam, the round clam, 
the muscle, the escallop, the lobster, the crab, the tortoise, the periwinkle, 
the shrimp, &c. 

Oysters abound. The principal oyster beds are in the Quinnipiack ; where, 
according to the best computation, between four and five hundred thousand 
bushels are annually caught ; principally between the two lower bridges. 
Th('se oysters are small but well flavoured. Beside constituting a suppl}? for 
the market in New-Haven, and for the neighboring towns, they are opened, 
and conveyed in kegs into the interior of this State, into Massachusetts, New- 
Hampshire, Vermont, and the State of New- York. A considerable village 
has been raised up by this fishery on the borders of the Quinnipiack. 

Long and round clams are also both caught in considerable quantities. 

Formerly the harbor of New-Haven furnished oysters in great quantities, 
and of a very fine flavour. Those which were taken in Morris' Cove, which 
were found in great abundance till about the year 1770, were superior to any 
other, which I have ever tasted. The bed was destroyed about that period. 
The destruction was occasioned by a storm from the south-west, which over- 
wljelmed the bed with a mass of mud. 



34 

Oysters, in order to flourish, demand a firm bottom, or some other firm 
substance, to which their spawn ma}' adhere. The mud of this harbour is 
very soft and lubricous; and wherever it is spread, prevents the young fish 
from acquiring that stable position, which seems indispensable to its pros- 
perity, and even to the continuance of its life. At the same time, the mud 
by its increase, and also by its fluctuations, covers these animals on the bot- 
tom : and in this manner becomes fatal to their multiplication. It is sup- 
posed, that the increase of mud in the harbour has been injurious to fish of 
other kinds. 

Ship building is but little followed here, at the present time. Formerly it 
was a considerable employment. The reason of its decline is undoubtedly 
this: that vessels can be built at a rate, somewhat cheaper, in the neighbor- 
ing towns. 

There are eight principal roads which centre at New-Haven ; to New-York, 
to New-Milford, through Derby, to Woodbury through Humphreysville, to 
Litchfield, to Farmington, to Hartford, to Middletown, and to Saybrook. 
These, together with their branches, proceed to every part of the United 
States. The six first are turnpike roads. 

There are seven bridges in New-Haven ; Harbour bridge. Dragon bridge, 
Long bridge. Neck bridge, Thompson's bridge, Derby Turnpike bridge, and 
West bridge. The three first are over the Quinnipiack ; the three last are 
over West river. The Harbour bridge, erected below the junction of Mill 
river with the Quinnipiack, and at the entrance of the common stream into 
the harbor, is the only one of these which deserves a description. This 
bridge is half a mile in length, and 27 feet in breadth. One half of it con- 
sisted originally of two piers of stone, commencing at the two shores, and 
occupying each, one fourth of the whole distance. The remainder was a 
bridge, built on wooden piers, or trestles. These were, in many instances, 
destroyed by the sea worms, within five or six years ; and demanded con- 
tinual repairs. In the beginning of February, 1807, this part of the struc- 
ture was swept away by a deluge. The same year it was repaired ; when the 
stone piers were so far extended, as to occupy the whole distance, except 30 
rods. The whole expense has amounted to 60,000 dollars. The stock is 
divided into sixty shares ; more than one half of which is the property of 
Isaac Tomlinson, Esq. Under the direction of this gentleman, a valuable 
wharf of stone has been extended from the south side of the bridge, along 
the western borders of the channel. From this wharf the largest vessels, 
used in our commerce, can take in their cargoes. In 1810, the profits of this 
Bridge were sold at auction for Fifteen Hundred Dollars. 

I know of no efficacious defence against sea-worms, beside either sheath- 
ing with copper, or driving iron nails so near to each other, as to stain the 
whole surface of the wood. The Scottish larch is said not to be eaten by 
these worms ; and the same has been asserted of the hickory. Wood, on 
which the bark has been left, is much less eaten than that, which has been 
stripped, or hewn. 

There is no ferry in this town. 

The number of houses for public worship in New-Haven is six ; three 
Presbyterian, one Episcopalian, one Methodist, and the College Chapel. 

The first Church in this town was formed under a very large oak tree in 



35 

George-street, near the junction of College-street. The building, in which 
they first met, was finished in 1646. 

The White-Haven Church was formed May, 1742. 

Fair-Haven Church was formed June loth, 1770. 

White-Haven and Fair-Haven Churches and Congregations were reunited, 
under the name of the United Society, in 1796. 

The Episcopal Congregation^ was formed in the year 1755. 

The Methodist Congregation was formed in the year 1807. 

The first Minister of the First Society was the celebrated Mr. John Daven- 
port ; a man em.inently distinguished in the history of his own times for his 
talents, learning, zeal and piety. With him Mr. Samuel Eaton, Mr. William 
Hook, and Mr. Nicholas Street, were teaching elders, and Mr. Robert New- 
man ruling Elder. Mr. Davenport removed to Boston in 1667 ; and died 
March i6th, 1670, aged 73. After his removal to Boston, Mr. Street con- 
tinued the only teacher of this Congregation, until his death, April 22d, 1674. 
The Congregation was without a Minister from that time 'till July 2d, 1684; 
when the Rev. James Pierpont was ordained as their Pastor, and continued 
in this oflSce till his death, which took place Nov. 14, 1714. Under his Min- 
istry the Church and Congregation, which had never been entirely harmoni- 
ous before, became, and continued, very happily united. Mr. Pierpont was 
a man of exemplary piety, uncommon prudence, and very amiable manners ; 
and was eloquent and mighty in the Scriptures. 

From the death of Mr. Street the offices of teaching and ruling Elder 
ceased. 

Mr. Pierpont was succeeded by the Rev. Joseph Noyes, July 4, 1716. 

March ist, 1758, the Rev. Chauncey Whittlesey was ordained his colleague. 

Mr. Noyes died June 14, 1761, in the 73d year of his age. He was a dis- 
cerning and judicious man, prudent, hospitable and patient; but more dis- 
tinguished for the readiness and propriety of his prayers, than for the elo- 
quence of his discourses. He was first a Tutor and afterwards a Fellow, of 
Yale-College. 

Mr. Whittlesey died July 24, 1787, aged 70. He was six years a Tutor in 
Yale-College, and was greatly respected by his pupils for his learning and 
science, his aflfability and dignit}', his philanthropy and integrity. As a Min- 
ister he was deservedly holden in high respect ; and the Congregation under 
his pastoral care was harmonious and happy. 

Mr. Whittlesey was succeeded April 29, 1789, by the Rev. Doctor James 
Dana, who was dismissed January 21, 1806, at his own request. Doctor 
Dana is still living. 

The Rev. Moses Stuart was ordained March 5th, 1806 ; and was dismissed 
January 9, 1810, having been chosen Professor of Sacred Literature in the 
Theological Seminary at Andover, in Massachusetts. 

The first Minister of the White-Haven Congregation was the Rev. Samuel 
Bird, formerly pastor of the church in Dunstable, Massachusetts. He was 
installed here October 13, 1751, and was dismissed at his request, January 
19th, 1768. He died May 3, 1784, aged 64. 

Mr. Bird was succeeded by the Rev. Doctor Jonathan Edwards. He was 
dismissed May 19, 1795. In January, 1796, he was installed pastor of the 
church in Colebrook, in the County of Litchfield. In June, 1799, ^^ was 



36 

elected President of Union College, in Schenectady. In this office he con- 
tinued till his death ; which took place August ist, 1801, in the 57th year of 
his age. The character of Dr. Edwards is sufficiently well known. 

The first pastor of Fair-Haven church was the Rev. Allyn Mather, who was 
ordained February 3d, 1773. He died Nov. 4, 1784, at Savannah, in Geor- 
gia (whither he went for the recovery of his health), aged 37. 

The Rev. Samuel Austin, successor to Mr. Mather, was ordained pastor of 
this Church Nov. 9, 1786; and dismissed Jan. 19, 1790. Doctor Austin is 
now pastor of the first church in Worcester, Massachusetts. 

The first Minister of the United Congregation was the Rev. John Gemmil ; 
who was installed Nov. 7th, 1798; and was dismissed Nov. 22, 1802. He is 
still living. The second Minister of this Congregation is the Rev. Samuel 
Merwin ; ordained February 13, r8o5. 

The Rev. Ebenezer Punderson was the first Minister of the Episcopal Soci- 
ety; in which he continued from 1755 to 1762 ; when he removed to Rye, in 
the State of New-York, where he died at an advanced age. 

The Rev. Solomon Palmer succeeded him, in 1763, and continued until 
1766. He removed to Litchfield, in this State, where he died soon after. 

The present Minister, the Rev. Doctor Bela Hubbard, took the charge of 
this Congregation in the autumn of 1767. The Rev. Henry Whitlock was 
instituted Assistant Minister, August 29th, 181 1. 

The salary of the last Minister, in the First Society, was 800 dollars per 
annum. Mr. Whitlock's salary is the same. Mr. Merwin's is 700. 

Each of the Congregations in this town is possessed of a fund for the sup- 
port of the Ministry. The fund of the First Society amounts to 11,685 dol- 
lars and 10 cents ; and consists of bank stock and money at interest. 

The fund of the United Society is 4,682 dollars ; and consists of money at 
interest. 

The fund of the Episcopal Society consists of lands in the city of New- 
Haven ; the rents of which amount to 569 dollars and 75 cents, annually. 
They will soon produce more ; as several of the leases will expire after a 
short time, and the rents will of course be raised. 

The number of Schools in the township of New Haven in the year 1801, as 
taken by Noah Webster, jun. Esq. one of the visitors, were fifteen public, and 
six private, schools ; 21. The number of children, taught in them, was 787. 
To these have been since added two private schools : one of them a female 
Academy, established by the Rev. Mr. Herrick. 

The first of these, in order, is Hopkins' Grammar School. 

The Hon. Edward Hopkins, Esq. for some time Governor of the colony of 
Connecticut, bequeathed "the principal part of his estate, in New-England, 
to Theophilus Eaton, Esq. Mr. Davenport, Mr. John Cullick, and Mr. Wil- 
liam Goodwin, for the breeding up hopeful youths in a way of learning, both 
at the grammar school and college, for the public service of the country in 
future times." This property was estimated at about a thousand pounds ster- 
ling ; and was ultimately divided into three parts ; one of which was 
retained at New-Haven, another was carried to Hartford, and another to Had- 
ley, in Massachusetts. That part of the legacy which was left in this town, 
produces annually the sum of 70/. There is a decent school house, together 
with the land on which it stands, belonging to this institution. 



37 

A small sum is paid by the students for tuition. The number of students 
is considerably varied at different times. 

There are two schools designed for English students. One of these is 
called Union School, the other the New Township Academy. Both have 
two departments, one for males, the other for females: both are good schools. 
Each contains, ordinarily, from eighty to a hundred children. The Union 
School was incorporated Nov. 1801 ; the New Township Academy May, 
1809. The remainder are either the ordinary parochial schools, or private 
schools of a similar character. 

The object which, in this class, is undoubtedly far the most interesting in 
a statistical account of New-Haven, is Yale College. 

This seminary is commonly said to have been founded in the year 1700. 
Ten of the principal ministers, nominated by a general consent, both of the 
clergy and the inhabitants of Connecticut, viz. 

The Rev. James Noyes, of Stonington, 
Israel Chauncey, of Stratford, 
Thomas Buckingham, of Saybrook, 
Abraham Pierson, of Killingworth, 
Samuel Mather, of Windsor, 
Samuel Andrew, of Milford, 
Timothy Woodbridge, of Hartford, 
James Pierpont, of New-Haven, 
Noadiah Russel, of Middletown, and 
Joseph Webb, of Fairfield, 

met at New-Haven ; and formed themselves into a society, which, they deter- 
mined, should consist of eleven ministers; including a rector; and agreed 
to found a college in the colony. At their next meeting, which was at Bran- 
ford the same year, each of them brought a number of books ; and, present- 
ing them to the society, said, " I give these books for the founding of a col- 
lege in this colony." Antecedently to this event, the subject had been seri- 
ously canvassed by the clergy, particularly Messrs. Pierpont, Andrew, and 
Russell, of Branford, and by the people at large, during the two preceding 
years ; and had come thus far towards maturity. 

The first house in the colony of Connecticut was erected in the year 1635 ; 
and the first in the colon}' of New-Haven in 1637. 

The act of the legislature which gave birth to Harvard College, was passed 
in 1636. Only ten years, therefore, elapsed after the beginning of a settle- 
ment in Massachusetts, before a college was commenced in earnest : whereas 
sixty-five years passed away after the colonization of Connecticut was begun, 
and sixty-three after that of New-Haven, before any serious attempt was 
made toward the founding of Yale College. But we are not hence to con- 
clude, that the colonists of Connecticut and New-Haven were at all less 
friendly to learning than those of Massachusetts. The project of establish- 
ing a college in each of these colonies was very early taken up ; but was 
checked by well founded remonstrances from the people of Massachusetts ; 
who very justly observed, that the whole population of New-England was 
scarcely sufficient to support one institution of this nature, and that the estab- 
lishment of a second would, in the end, be a sacrifice of both. These con- 
siderations put a stop to the design for a considerable time. 

Of the serious design of the New-Haven colonists to establish a college, 



38 

the following document, copied from the records of Guilford, furnishes deci- 
sive evidence. 

"At a General Court, held at Guilford, June 28th, A. D. 1652. 

" Voted, 'the matter about a college at New-Haven, was thought to be too 
great a charge for us of this jurisdiction to undergo alone ; especially con- 
sidering the unsettled state of New-Haven town ; being publicly declared, 
from the deliberate judgment of the most understanding men, to be a place 
of no comfortable subsistence for the present inhabitants there. But if Con- 
necticut do join, the planters are generally willing to bear their just propor- 
tions for erecting and maintaining of a college there. However, they desire 
thanks to Mr. Goodyear, for his kind proffer, to the setting forward of such a 
work." 

In October, 1701, the legislature granted these gentlemen a charter, con- 
stituting them " Trustees of a Collegiate School in his Majesty's Colony of 
Connecticut ;" and invested them with all the powers which were supposed 
to be necessary for the complete execution of their trust. 

The following November, they chose one of their number, Mr. Pierson, rec- 
tor of the school ; and determined, that it should be fixed, for the present, at 
Saybrook. 

In the year 1702, the first Commencement was held at Saybrook ; at which 
five young gentlemen received the degree of A. M. 

From this time many debates arose concerning the place where the school 
should be finally established ; and continued to agitate the community until 
the year 1718. In 1716, a majority of the trustees voted, on the 17th of Octo- 
ber, to remove the school to New-Haven. Four of their number, out of nine, 
were however strongly against it : and the community was equally disunited. 
The trustees, nevertheless, proceeded to hold the Commencement, the fol- 
lowing year, at New-Haven, and to order a college to be erected. It was 
accordingly raised in October, 1717, and finished the following year. This 
building they were enabled to erect by a considerable number of donations, 
which they had received for this purpose, both within and without the colony. 
Their principal benefactor, both during this period, and all which have suc- 
ceeded, was the legislature. 

Among the individuals who distinguished themselves by their beneficence 
to this infant institution, was the Hon. Elihu Yale, Esq. of London, Gov- 
ernor of the East-India Company. This gentleman was descended of an 
ancient and respectable family in Wales ; which for many generations pos- 
sessed the manor of Plas Grannow, near Rexon. His father, Thomas Yale, 
Esq. came from England with the first colonists of New-Haven. In this 
town his son Elihu was born, April 5th, 1648. He went to England at ten 
years of age ; and to Hindoostan at thirty. In that country he resided about 
20 years ; was made Governor of Madras ; and married the widow of Gov- 
ernor Hinmers, his predecessor. By this lady he had three daughters: one 
of which married Dudley North, Esquire ; and another. Lord James Caven- 
dish, uncle to the Duke of Devonshire. Having acquired a large fortune, he 
returned to London ; was chosen Governor of the East-India Company ; and 
died at Rexon, July 8th, 1721. 

This gentleman sent, in several donations, to the Collegiate school, 500 
pounds sterling, between 1714 and 1718 ; and, a little before his death, or- 



39 

dered goods to be sent out, to the value of 500 pounds more ; but they were 
never received. 

In gratitude to this benefactor, the Trustees, by a solemn act, named their 
seminar}' Yale-College ; a name, which, it is believed, will convey the mem- 
ory of his beneficence to distant generations. 

The College, which was erected at this time, was built of wood ; 170 feet 
in length, 22 in breadth, and of three stories ; and was, for that period, a 
handsome building. Before it was erected, the students were scattered in 
various places ; at Milford, Killingworth, Guilford, Saybrook, Wethersfield, 
&c. Soon afterward they all removed to New Haven. From this time the 
Institution began to flourish. The number of students was about 40 ; and 
the course of education was pursued with system, and spirit. The benefac- 
tions also, which it received, were increased in number and value. 

In the list of its principal benefactors, was the Rev. Doctor Berkley, dean 
of Derry, in Ireland, and afterward Bishop of Cloyne. This highly respect- 
able man came to America in the year 1732, for the purpose of establishing a 
College in the island of Bermuda. The project failed, however, because 
20,000 pounds sterling, promised to him by the Minister, was never paid. 
While he was in America, he became acquainted with the Rev. Mr. Williams, 
and with the design, and circumstances, of the Seminary. With all these he 
was so well pleased, that he made a present to it of a farm, which he had 
purchased at Middletown, on Rhode-Island ; and after his return to Europe, 
sent to the library " the finest collection of books that ever came together at 
one time into America."* 

Jeremiah Dummer, Esq., of Boston, and the Hon. James Fitch, Esq. of 
Norwich, deserve to be mentioned, as distinguished benefactors of the Insti- 
tution. Sir Isaac Newton also. Sir Richard Steele, Doctors Barnet, Wood- 
ward, Halley, Bentley, Kennet, Calamy, Edwards, the Rev. Mr. Henr}^ and 
Mr. Whiston, presented their own works to the librar}'. Many other respect- 
able men afterwards made similar presents. 

In 1745, a new charter, drawn by the Hon. Thomas Fitch, Esq. of Norwalk, 
afterwards Governor, was given to the Trustees ; in which they were named 
The President and Fellows of Yale College. This is the present charter of the 
Institution. A long course of experience has proved, that the provisions in 
it were wisel}' formed ; and are sufficiently minute and comprehensive, to 
answer all the purposes, within the reach of the Institution. 

In the year 1750 another College was built of brick ; 100 feet long, 40 wide, 
and of three stories ; at the expense of 1660 pounds sterling. 

In April 1761, a Chapel was begun ; and finished in 1763. The Hon. 
Richard Jackson, Esq., M.B.P. gave towards the finishing of this building 
100 pounds sterling. 

In the year 1792, the Rev. Doctor Salter, of Mansfield, left a legacy to the 
Institution, for the purpose of furnishing instruction in the Hebrew language. 

In the year 1791, the Rev. Doctor Lockwood, of Andover, in this State, 
gave £'})2>^ 14 o, the interest of which is to be employed in increasing the 
library ; and some time before, 100 pounds towards increasing the apparatus. 

In the year 1807, the Hon. Oliver Wolcott, Esq. late Secretary of the Treas- 

* President Clap's Hist, of Yale-College. 



40 

ury of the United States, gave 2000 dollars for the purpose of increasing 
the librar)'. The interest only of the three last donations, except the 100 
pounds, given by Doctor Lockwood to increase the apparatus, is to be em- 
ployed for the purposes specified. 

In the year 1792, the Legislature, at their session in May, gave to the Insti- 
tution the arrearages of certain taxes, which had for some time been due to 
the State, in its paper currency ; with the condition annexed, that the Gov- 
ernor, Lieut. Governor, and six senior Councillors, for the time being, should, 
by a vote of the Corportion, be received as members of their Board : the 
Clerical side of the Board, however, retaining the power of filling up its own 
vacancies. The proposal was unanimously accepted by the Corporation in 
June ; and the following September these gentlemen took their seats. From 
that time to the present the Trustees have consisted of the Governor, Lieut. 
Governor, and six senior Councillors ; the President, and ten Fellows, being 
Clergymen. This measure was on every account desirable, and has in all its 
consequences been happy. 

In the year 1755, a Professorship of Divinity was established in this Sem- 
inary ; in 1770, a Professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy; in 
1801, a Professorship of Law ; in 1804, a Professorship of Chemistry and Nat- 
ural History ; and in 1805, a Professorship of Languages and Ecclesiastical 
History. 

The College Faculty, to which the executive government is committed, 
consists of the President, Professors, and Tutors. The senior class is in- 
structed by the President ; and recites once every day. The three junior 
classes are distributed into two divisions each ; and each is placed under its 
own Instructor. They recite three times a day, four days in the week ; and 
twice, the two remaining days. 

The Professor of Divinity preaches a system of Theology once in four 
years ; a systematical sermon being delivered on the morning of every sab- 
bath in Term time. He also delivers an informal lecture to the senior class 
every week ; completing in this manner a system of Theology each year. 

The Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy goes through a 
course of Philosophical experiments with the junior class every year ; and 
delivers two lectures to the senior class every week. 

The Professor of Chemistry delivers 120 lectures in that science, every 
year, to the two elder classes ; so that each class hears a complete course of 
chemical lectures twice. These are delivered in the Laboratory ; a room pe- 
culiarly convenient for this purpose. Here they have the advantage of seeing 
every experiment, both preparatory and illustrative, commenced and com- 
pleted. In a common lecturing room this would be impracticable. 

The Chemical Professor also delivers private lectures on Mineralogy. 

The Professor of Languages and Ecclesiastical History will deliver a com- 
plete course of lectures on the latter subject. 

The Professor of Law is required to go through a course of lectures on the 
Law of Nature, the American Constitution, and the Jurisprudence of Con- 
necticut. ... At present, this professorship is vacant. 

A Medical Institution is established in this Seminary ; but has not begun 
its operations. It is to consist of three Professorships, beside that of Chem- 
istry ; one, of the Materia Medica ; one, of Anatomy and Surgery ; and one 
of the Theory and Practice of Physic. 



41 

The academical buildings consist of three colleges ; named Connecticut 
Hall, Union Hall, and Berkeley Hall ; a Chapel, containing in the third story 
a Philosophical Chamber, and rooms for the philosophical apparatus ; and a 
building resembling the Chapel in form, and named the Connecticut Lyceum. 
This building contains seven recitation rooms, a chemical Laboratory and its 
appendages, two chambers occupied b)' Professors, and the Library. The 
three colleges contain ninety-six chambers. 

The number of books in the library is between five and six thousand 
volumes. 

The philosophical and chemical apparatus are, both, extensive and com- 
plete. 

A valuable cabinet of mineralogical specimens is a part of the collegiate 
apparatus. 

In May, iSii, George Gibbs, Esq. late of Newport, and now of Boston, 
deposited in this Seminary a superb cabinet of minerals ; the original cost of 
which to the European Proprietor is said to have been 4,000 pounds sterling. 
These are arranged in a chamber 36 feet in length, and 16 in breadth ; and 
cover the walls. 

The situation of the academical buildings is eminently pleasant ; fronting 
the green on the northwestern side, upon a handsome elevation, with a hand- 
some court yard before them. The buildings are plain, but so well arranged, 
as to strike the ej^e with peculiar pleasure. 

Beside these buildings there are belonging to the College, a kitchen and 
dining hall for the students, and three dwelling houses. 

The female academ)-, under the instruction of the Rev. Mr. Herrick, is be- 
lieved to be one of the best schools of this nature in the United States. The 
instructions given in it, are calculated to expand the mind, and amend the 
heart, with sound wisdom. Young persons of the female sex are here with- 
drawn from that frivolity, and those trifles, which unhappily are too often 
made significant parts of female education ; and habitually allured to sober 
thought, useful knowledge, and the best principles. 

The township of New-Haven is divided into two school districts. 

Some of the Instructors receive fixed salaries; others depend for their 
reward upon tuition. The highest salary given to a male Instructor, is 500 
dollars ; and the highest to a female Instructor, the same. 

The price of board is from two to three dollars per week, including wash- 
ing and lodging. 

The highest price of tuition is six dollars per quarter: the lowest, 8 1-2 
cents per week. In the public English schools, tuition is free. 

In 181 1 the public schools in the city, kept by men, were 4, and the num- 
ber of scholars, 160: by women, 17, and the number of scholars 661. These 
schools were supported by the public money for the term of 13 weeks each. 
The stipend to the men is 25 dollars per month each : that to the women is 
proportioned to the number of scholars, at the rate of 8 1-2 cents per week 
each. The whole number of scholars in all the schools in the city, the present 
summer, was, between iioo and 1200. 

In some or other of these schools all the kinds of instruction are given, 
which precede an admission into a College ; and several of those, which are 
taught in Colleges. 

6 



42 

There are two interesting objects in this town, not alluded to in any ques- 
tion in the circular letter ; which yet well deserve to be mentioned. 

The first of these, is the Long-Wharf. This is a pier extending from the 
head of the harbour, at the bottom of Fleet-street, to the channel. The last 
fourth of this distance is incomplete at the present time, but will be finished 
this season ; and is built wholly of stone. The other three-fourths are built 
of wood, sods, and earth. Its breadth for more than half the distance is 45 
feet, for the rest 32. This structure is 3943 feet in length ; and is more than 
twice the length of Boston Pier. About half the distance it is lined with 
ware houses, and their yards, to the number of 40. This work has been ac- 
complished by a company, incorporated by the name of the Union Wharf 
Company of New-Haven. The property has hitherto yielded a good rent. 

The other is the new Cemetery. This is a field, lying opposite to the north 
corner of the original town, handsomely smoothed and inclosed. It is divided 
into parallelograms, neatly railed and separated by alleys of sufficient 
breadth to permit carriages to pass each other. The whole field, except four 
lots, given to the several Congregations, and the College, and a lot destined 
for the interment of the poor, is divided into family burying places, pur- 
chased at the expense actually incurred, and secured by law from every civil 
process. Each parallelogram is 64 feet in breath, and from 180 to 200 feet in 
length. Each family burying ground is 32 feet in length, and r8 in breadth ; 
and against each an opening is made, to admit a funeral procession. At the 
divisions between the lots, trees are set out in the alleys ; and the name of 
each proprietor is marked on the railing. 

The monuments in this ground are almost universally of marble : in a few 
instances from Italy ; in the rest, found in this and the neighbouring States. 
A considerable number are obelisks; others are tables; and others, slabs, 
placed at the head and foot of each grave. The obelisks are arranged uni- 
versally on the middle line of the lots, and thus stand in a line, successivel}', 
throughout each of the parallelograms. 

After the ground was distributed into lots, they were all thrown into a 
common stock. A meeting was then summoned of such inhabitants, as 
wished to become proprietors. Such, as attended, drew their lots ; and lo- 
cated them at their pleasure. Others have since purchased lots ; so that a 
great part, or the whole, of the field is now taken up. 

It is believed, that this cemetery is a novelty. I have accompanied to it 
many foreigners, and many Americans, who have travelled extensively on the 
Eastern continent ; none of whom had ever seen, or heard, of anything of a 
similar nature. An exquisite taste for propriety is discovered in every thing 
belonging to it ; exhibiting a regard for the dead, reverential, but not osten- 
tatious ; and happily fitted to influence the feelings, and views, of succeeding 
generations. No spot of ground, within my knowledge, is equally solemn 
and impressive. 

At the same time, it precludes the use of vaults, by taking away every 
inducement to build them. These melancholy, and I think I may say dis- 
gusting, mansions, seem not to have been dictated by nature ; and are cer- 
tainly not approved by good sense. Their salubrity is questionable ; and the 
impression, made by them on the mind, transcends the bounds of mourning 
and sorrow, and borders, at least, upon loathing. But families naturally wish 
to be buried together ; and this propensity is here gratified. 



43 

It ought to be added, that when the lots were originall}' distributed, the 
proprietors gave one to each of the Clergymen, who were then inhabitants of 
the city. 

There is an Almshouse belonging to New-Haven, which is also a Work- 
house. All the poor, supported by the inhabitants, reside here, except those 
who need only a partial support ; or who are supported only for a short time ; 
or who are the subjects of sorne infectious disease. An Agent is employed 
b}^ the Selectmen to make the proper provisions for the house ; and a master, 
residing in it, has, under the control of the Selectmen, the immediate charge 
of its inhabitants. 

Of these, such as are able, are emplo3'ed in those services and labours, 
which circumstances permit ; but so many of them are small children, aged, 
deranged, sick, or disabled, that the avails of their labour are, and must be, 
of no great value. 

The number of poor in the Almshouse is, annually, from fifty to seventy- 
five. Of the utmost number about sixty may be considered as inhabitants of 
New Haven, and as supported at the expense of the town. The following 
statement of expense, incurred by maintaining the poor in New-Haven, for 
the years 1805 and 1806, is nearly exact. 

1805. — Whole expense of Almshouse, $2,615.00 

Whole expense out of Almshouse, 802. 86 



Deduct receipts for State paupers, , 616.26 

do do avails of labour, 237.78 

do do from the U. States, 9349 

do do from sundry towns and ) „ ^ 

■ J- -J I y 228.06 

mdividuals, ) 



3.417-86 



1,175-59 



Total expense to New-Haven, 2,242.27 

1806. — Whole expense of Almshouse, $2,650.29 

Whole expense out of Almshouse, 1,042.48 



Deduct receipts for State poor, 999-42 

do do United States, 64.25 

do do for avails of labour, 306.54 

do do from sundry towns 

and individuals. 



[ 593-85 



3,692.77 



1,964.03 



Total expense to New-Haven, 1,728.74 

The year 1806 was a year of unusual health ; which was probably the rea- 
son, why the expense was lower than that of the preceding year. 

The poor, supported in the Almshouse, are supported, and treated, with 
humanity. The wandering poor, who are often received into it during the 
winter, consider it generally as their home ; and return to it at the close of 
autumn, as the only habitation, in which they have found a comfortable and 
desirable residence. 

I have no particular information concerning the modes of life, which they 
have pursued, previously to their enrolment on the list of paupers. By var- 
ious circumstances I am, however, induced to believe, that a considerable 
number of them may safely attribute their indigence to sloth, and ardent spirits. 



44 

The number of free blacks in the city of New-Haven was, in the year 
1800, 150. 

Their vices are of all the kinds, usually intended by the phrase " low vice." 
Uneducated to principles of morality, or to habits of industry and econom)', 
they labour only to acquire the means of expense, and expend, only to gratify 
gross and vulgar appetite. Accordingly, many of them are thieves, liars, 
profane, drunkards, sabbath-breakers, quarrelsome, idle, and prodigal, the 
last in the extreme. Their ruling passion seems very generally to be a desire 
of being fashionable. Their ambition in dressing is not so much to be 
dressed richly, gaily, or splendidly, as to be dressed fashionably. Their wish 
is not merely to dance, and frolic, but to have genteel assemblies, collected 
by tickets, and regulated by managers. The difference between them, and 
the whites, who are nearest to them in their circumstances, is entire. The 
whites are generally satisfied with being decent, with being dressed in such 
clothes, and living in such a manner, as they can afford : the blacks appear to 
covet nothing, but to be genteel ; and ape those who are above them, or rather 
people of fashion, in a manner sufficiently ridiculous. No well bred people are 
mutually so respectful, or adopt so precise, and attentive a ceremonial. The 
expense of such a mode of life their earnings will not sutain ; and, to supply it, 
a considerable number of them scruple not to engage in dishonest practices. 

There are, however, exceptions to this character ; and a greater number 
among the females, than among the males. Almost all, who acquire an 
attachment to property, appear to assume better principles ; or, at least, bet- 
ter practices. Several of the men have in this manner become good members 
of society. A number of the females are well behaved. 

Six of these people are communicants in the two presbyterian churches in 
this town. 

The committee for completing the Long-Wharf, have contracted with two 
black men to execute 50 rods in length of this *work, and 32 in breadth, at 
3 cents per cubic foot. This contract is an honourable proof of the character 
which the)'^ sustain, both for capacity, and integrity, in the view of respectable 
men. 

There are lately set up in this city two schools for the education of black 
children ; one for males, and the other for females ; the latter is a charity 
school. These institutions furnish the first rational hope of a reformation 
among the people. 

The years 1762, and 1763, especially the last, were uncommonly dry, 
throughout New-England. In the year 1782 there was a severe drought dur- 
ing the latter part of the summer, and the autumn. In pastures, even where 
they were rich, the roots of the grass were in many places killed. 

The year 1796 was also remarkably dry. The gardens here, and in many 
other places, chieffy perished. In one garden, the use of fresh ashes, as 
manure, strewed around the plants at different times, appeared to be an effi- 
cacious defence against the drought. 

The year 1800 was also very dry throughout a large part of the country; 
but less so in New Haven than in many other places. 

The year 1805 was very dry in this part of the country ; and the gardens 
extensively perished. 

* Tlie deptli is estimated at 16 feet. 



45 

The year 1795 was, during the summer, and the first part of the autumn, 
wetter than any other year within my knowledge. In ten weeks it rained 
thirty-five days ; the whole of some days, and a part of others. The weather 
was also very hot. Every thing corruptible by weather, exhibited proofs of 
that corruption. Books, linen, other clothes and furniture, paper hangings, 
and even wood, moulded. Plants in the garden perished by dissolution, in 
every stage from their germination to maturity. The seeds of the hollyhock, 
the pea, and the bean, sprang in the pod ; and grew in many instances several 
inches. At the foot of small declivities in the highways the ground suddenly 
sunk under a horse, as at the breaking up of the frost in February or March. 

The years 1807, 1808, 1809, were also very wet. 

In the year 1796, on Sunday, October 8th, a tornado passed over New-Ha- 
ven. Its ravages, according to the information which I have received, com- 
menced at Lower Salem in the County of West-Chester. Here, and at 
Ridgefield in Connecticut, the devastation was great. — From this point to 
East-Haven its most violent progress was through a higher region of the 
atmosphere. At East-Haven it blew down the steeple of the Presbyterian 
church, destroyed some private buildings, and damaged several^others. At 
Branford its ravages resembled those at East-Haven. The storm was violent 
at New-Haven ; but little damage was done. 

In the year 1792 there was also a storm of the same nature, accompanied 
with hail, which, in passing over this city broke the windows of several 
houses. A great snow fell on the 17th of February, 1707. It is said to have 
been the first which fell that year. Another fell in 1739 O"" I740. This snow 
was in some places so deep, that persons are said to have walked into the 
chamber windows of several houses, which had low ceilings. If there is no 
error in this account ; it was probably true, only where the snow was raised 
in drifts. 

In the beginning of January, 1780, the snow fell four feet in some places, 
and four and a half in others, throughout New England, New-York and New 
Jersey. 

The greatest snow, within my knowledge, fell from the 20th to the 26th of 
February, 1802. The storm blew with violence through the whole of this 
period ; and appears to have covered the whole of New England, a great part 
of the state of New-York, and probabl}' some of the countries further west 
and south, with a mass of snow and hail, full four feet deep. In the open 
grounds it was thrown, remarkabl)', into waves. It was at least twice as 
dense, as snows usually are. The stage, which left New-York on Monday, 
did not reach New-Haven 'till Thursday ; although the passengers carried 
shovels, with which they forced a passage in the most diificult places. The 
stage driver, and several of the passengers, who came from New-London, 
were badly frozen. A farmer in Wallingford, who set out for New-Haven at 
the commencement of the storm, with his waggon, reached this town at the 
dusk of the evening; although the distance is only twelve miles. He was so 
exhausted by his sufferings, that he fell down in College street ; and would 
have perished, had he not been taken up, and carried into a house. 

A few years before 1667, the Canker-worm appeared at New-Haven, and 
did much mischief to the apple trees. Mrs. Jones, from whom is descended 
the present familj' of Jones in this town, and to whose manuscript journal I 



46 

am indebted for this information, has not mentioned the year, in which they 
made their first appearance. They have perhaps existed here ever since ; 
although at times they have been nearly extinct. 

In the year 1795 the millers, or flies, were hindered by the frost from com- 
ing out of the ground at the usual season in February. The first Sunday in 
March was remarkably warm ; and a small number of them escaped out of 
the ground. This fine weather continued through Monday, and Tuesday ; on 
the evenings of both which they ascended the trees in immense multitudes. 
On Wednesday there fell a wet, heavy snow, about five inches deep ; which, 
lodging on the trees, benumbed them ; and, when it fell, forced them to the 
ground, before they had deposited their eggs. Here they were buried, and 
destroyed. From that time until the year 1808, they scarcely appeared at all. 
They are now very numerous. 

The only mode of preventing their ravages, which has been extensively 
used in this part of the country, is to form a swathe of tar around the stems 
of the trees, at a little distance from the ground, every night, during the 
period in which the millers ascend. Trees, which have been thus tarred forty 
years, are perfectly healthy and flourishing. 

The Rose bug, one of the most destructive of all insects, began to appear 
in New-Haven, in considerable numbers, a few years since ; and has increased 
not a little the present year. During seven years, while I resided^at Green- 
field, this insect, in numbers apparently infinite, ravaged that parish, and parts 
of the surrounding country, in a distressing manner. It consumes apples, 
cherries, apricots, plums, peaches, and grapes. It eats also quinces, straw- 
berries, and rasberries, at times ; but not to any great extent ; and it regu- 
larly picks out all the best flavored species of apples, cherries, plums, and 
peaches ; but entirely neglects those, which are ill flavoured, unless com- 
pelled to eat them by a scarcity of those, which are better. It eats also, the 
leaves of several sorts of cherry trees, plum trees, and grapes ; the leaves of 
the horse chestnut, of the snowball, &c. Like almost all other insects, they 
burrow in the ground ; particularly in that which is cultivated. I destroyed 
two thirds or three-fourths, of those which ravaged my fruit, by plowing my 
garden in November, 1794. 

In 1739, or 1740, the large, black, travelling worm, called the Grass worm, 
and the Palmer worm, appeared in immense numbers in some parts of this 
country. 

In 1770 the same worms appeared again, in countless multitudes, through- 
out a great part of Massachusetts and Connecticut. They were about two 
inches in length ; were striped longitudinally, with a brilliant black and 
white ; and had eyes remarkably large, black, and glistering. They moved 
directly forward in their course from east to west ; and devoured almost 
every thing in their way ; particularly grass, and grain. A field of grass, 
over which they had passed, appeared as if it had been mown with a dull 
scythe. When they died, they filled the neighboring places with a loathsome 
fcetor ; which was followed in several parts of the country by an endemical 
fever, and frequently b}' death. 

During the latter part of their ravages the farmers prevented them, in vari- 
ous places, from ravaging their fields, by inclosing them with a trench, 
formed by ploughing a single furrow, and turning the earth towards the field. 



47 

As they attempted to climb out of this trench, the loose particles of the earth 
gave way under their feet ; so that they fell back into the trench, and died. 

Between thirty and forty years since there was, in many places, a sudden 
and unprecedented destruction of the vines of the watermelon. I first saw 
it in my own garden, at Northampton, (Mass.) in a very large and remarkably 
flourishing bed of watermelons. When the fruit had begun to be about half 
the full size, the vines began tq die at one corner, and in three weeks were 
all destroyed. The most critical investigation did not enable me to discover 
the cause of the mischief, until about six or seven years afterward. I then 
found upon the root a louse, not very unlike that which destroys cabbages ; 
but larger, of a faded green colour, approximating to brown. This animal 
eats the bark of the root, and finally destroys the plant. It adheres so loosely, 
that when the plant is pulled up, the earth generally brushes it off, and there- 
fore fails of being discovered. Wherever this enemy attacks the plant, the 
leaves, near the root, become stiifened, assume a glassy appearance, and fade 
into a brown hue. Soon the vines will die very suddenly, to a great ex- 
tent. The fruit, also, become spotted with decaying spots, of the colour of 
iron mold upon linen. This insect has spread so extensively through the 
country, that a great multitude of persons, finding their watermelons regu- 
larly destroyed, and attributing the destruction to some unknown change in 
the climate or in the soil, have given up all attempts to cultivate them. 

One year I preserved my watermelons at Greenfield, by frequently drench- 
ing the earth immediately round the roots, with a strong decoction of Bur- 
dock leaves and elder twigs ; which I took care to direct to the roots of the 
plant, by making eight or ten holes around them, about six inches deep, 
with a stick three fourths of an inch in diameter. This process I was obliged 
to repeat after every shower ; For the rain diluted the bitter liquid to such a 
degree that the louse, which had been onl}' driven ofl^'by its disagreeable taste, 
returned again to its prey. In a dry season it may be adopted without any 
serious inconvenience : In a wet one it is too laborious to be pursued. 

Antecedently to the year 1735 and 1736, no particular accounts of the dis- 
eases, in this town, are recorded. About the year 1736 the Angina maligna 
was prevalent, and extensively fatal. It appeared in 1742 ; and most of those, 
whom it seized, it carried off. The constitutions of those who survived are 
said, by persons who were witnesses of its effects, to have been greatly im- 
paired. It visited this town again in 1773 and 1774; and was followed, in 
autumn of each year, by a destructive dysentery. In 1794 about 750 persons 
were effected by it, of whom 52 died. 

The most prevalent autumnal disease is the dysentery. Its greatest rav- 
ages were in 1751, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1776, I777, and 1795. 

In 1761 an inflammatory fever prevailed here, which was fatal in a con- 
siderable number of instances. In East-Haven it carried off the same year 
above forty of the most robust inhabitants. 

In 1794 the Yellow fever appeared in New-Haven. Of 160 persons, who 
were seized by it, 64 died. 

In 1805 a few cases of fever, resembling the Yellow fever, appeared in 
July ; and one, in October. 

The Typhus fever became epidemic in the autum of 1805, and continued 
through the winter following. It was near forty years since it had appeared 



48 

before. But from that time, the existing fevers have generally assumed a 
Typhus character. 

Of Chronic diseases, Dyspepsia, consumptions, and affections of the liver, 
appear to be the most common. 

The meazles were epidemic in 1739, 1748, 1758, 1772, 1783, 1789, 1790, 
1795, and 1802. 

Influenza, 1737, 1747, 1757. 1761, 1771. 1781, 1789, 1790. 1802. 

In the year 1796, the town of New-Haven granted 200 dollars, for the pur- 
pose of destroying the barberrj' bushes, within its limits. Individuals are 
supposed to have expended at least as much more. They were principally 
destroyed, except upon Mount Pleasant. The method adopted to destroy 
them, was to eradicate them. The following year there was no blast ; and 
from that time to the present both the wheat, and the r)^e, have been generally 
free from this evil. 

That these bushes have a serious influence in blasting wheat, and rye, has 
long been believed both in this, and other countries ; and the facts, by which 
this opinion is supported, are so numerous and decisive, as to place it, appar- 
ently, beyond any reasonable dispute. A farmer, in Brookhaven, sowed a 
particular field with wheat every other year, for near twenty years. On the 
southern limit of this field grew a single barberry bush. The southern winds 
prevailing at the^season. in which this bush was in bloom, carried the effluvia, 
and afterwards the deca)'ed blossoms, over a small breadth of the field, to a 
considerable distance ; and, wherever they fell, the wheat was blasted ; while 
throughout the remainder of the field it was sound. This account I had from 
a respectable gentleman, who received it from the farmer himself; a man of 
fair reputation. 

In Southborough, a town in the county of Worcester, a Mr. Johnson sowed 
with rye a field of new'ground ; or ground lately disforested. At the south 
end of this field, also, grew a single barberry bush. The grain was blasted 
throughout the whole breadth of the field, on a narrow tract, commencing at 
the bush, and proceeding directly in the course, and to the extent, in which 
the blossoms were diffused by the wind. 

In another field, the property, of a Mr. Harrington, an inhabitant of the 
same town, exactly the same circumstances existed ; and exactly the same 
mischief followed. 

These two accounts I received from Mr. Johnson, a son of the proprietor 
of the field first mentioned ; a student at that time in Yale College, and after- 
wards a respectable clergyman in Milford. 

As no part of the grain was blasted in either of these cases, except that 
which lay in a narrow tract, leeward of the barberry bushes ; these facts 
appear to be'decisive, and to establish the correctness of the common opinion. 
Should the conclusion be admitted, we cannot wonder, that wheat and rye 
should be blasted, wherever these bushes abound. 

The chief cause of blasting, however, is, in all probability, the too rapid 
growth of the grain in the month of June. Whenever the weather is wet and 
warm, at this season, grain is blasted almost of course. Whenever it is cool 
and dry, grain is bright and clean. A rapid vegetation, at this season, forces 
the juices through the stalk in such quantities, and with so much celerity, 
that they burst in various places ; particularly at the neck, immediately be- 



49 

low the ear; and the kernel is shrivelled for want of nourishment. The 
juices which thus exude, adhering to the outside of the stalk, become sour in 
the mean time, acrid, and ultimately what is termed rust. This process is 
universally increased by manure from the yard, and the stable. A dressing, 
formed of this manure, produces a more rapid vegetation, than any other 
used in this country ; and is probably the chief cause, why fields in New- 
England, which used to yield wheat abundantly, are now extensively subject 
to blasting. Vegetable manure, such as vegetable mould, wood-ashes, clover, 
buckwheat, or oats, ploughed in, and suffered to decay, will rarely be fol- 
lowed by a blast. The same is true of mineral, manures ; such as lime and 
gypsum ; and if I mistake not, of the white fish. 

Of the cause of mildew I am ignorant. 

The honey dew is nothing but the exuding of the saccharine juices of 
plants ; as is evident from the fact, that it is never found on rocks, or any 
other substances, beside living vegetables. 

A peculiar disease has, within a few years, attacked pear trees. A single 
limb begins to die at the extremities, and continues to die, till the mortifica- 
tion reaches the stem. Another is then affected in the same manner ; and 
another ; until the tree perishes. 

The only remedy for this evil, within my knowledge, is, to cut off the limb 
below the mortification. This has succeeded in a number of instances, and 
so far as I know, in all, where the experiment has been made. 

A friend of mine has lately informed me, that pear trees are, in cases of 
this nature, attacked by a peculiar kind of worm. 

The following statements will, in different ways, exhibit, in some degree, 
the state of the Commerce of this town. 

Articles, cleared out in the District of New-Haven, between May ist, 1773, 

and May ist, 1774, taken from the books of George Mills, Esq. his Britannic 

Majesty's Collector for said District. 

Bushels of wheat, I5i350 

Bushels of rye, 18,840 

Bushels of In- ) „„ „q^ 

,. y 32,780 

dian corn, ) -^ ' 

Pounds of flax, 120,200 

Bushels of flax seed, 21,980 

Barrels of flour, 2061 

The District of New-Haven included at that time the whole coast of Con- 
necticut, from Killingworth to its western boundary. I have not been able 
to obtain a statement for anj' other year, preceding the Revolution. 

The number of vessels, entered at the New-Haven Custom-House, between 
the years 1783 and 1803 inclusive. 



Horses, 


1405 


Oxen, 


2005 


Hoops, 


728,000 


Staves, 


1,186,000 


Barrels of pork. 


8152 


Barrels of pot and ) 




pearl ashes, \ 


424 



1783 


British. 


American. 


Danish 


84 


I 


36 


I 


85 


8 


66 


I 


86 


8 


74 




87 


2 


89 




88 


5 


79 


I 


89 


5 


79 




90 


4 


67 




91 


6 


64 




92 


5 


57 




93 


I 


47 




94 




51 





50 





British. 


Anierican. Danish. 






1795 


2 




39 








96 






52 








97 






47 








98 


1 




52 


I 






99 


I 




74 


I & I 


Spani 


sh. 


i8oo 






67 








I 


2 




99 








2 


I 




8i 








3 






78 








unt of articles expO) 


■ted from the por 


' of Neiv-Haven in the year 


1806, ti 






from the custom-house books. 






Fish, cwt. 






429 


Cattle, heads. 




2,198 


bbls. 






233 


Poultry, doz. 




897 


Hoops, 






387,000 


Indian corn, bush. 




6,203 


Staves, 






389,000 


Oats, bush. 




9.015 


Beef, bbls. 






5.349 


Beans, bush. 




340 


Pork, bbls. 






1,469 


Flour, bbls. 




5.597 


Hams, lbs. 






10,878 


Indian meal, bbls. 




16,995 


Butter, lbs. 






67,648 


Leather, lbs. 




20,298 


Cheese, lbs. 






18,693 


Candles, lbs. 




119,297 


Lard, lbs. 






24,589 


Nails, lbs. 




1,720 



together with sundry small articles, as hats, shoes, &c. exported, all amount- 
ing to 466,367 dollars. 

The foreign trade of New-Haven is, however, very imperfectly exhibited in 
this statement. A considerable number of its vessels, and cargoes, are entered 
annually in New-York; supposed to amount to nearly half of its tonnage. 
Some of them are also loaded at New-York, and cleared out from that port. 

Of its coasting trade, the following account, taken from the shipping books 
of those who are concerned in it, for the year 1801, will furnish a correct 
view, so far as it is extended. The articles enumerated in it, were shipped 
wholly, or almost wholly, to New-York. 



Pork, bbls. 
Beef, bbls. 
Corn meal, hhds. 
do. do. bbls. 
Rye flour, bbls. 
Butter, fir. 
Lard, fir. 



1,889 

1,689 

1,115 

1. 193 

232 

828 

609 



Pork and beef hams, lbs. 23,624 
Cheese, lbs. 219,702 

Flax seed, bush. 6,372 

Clover seed, bush. loi 

Country gin, galls. 6,321 

Nails, lbs. I3.990 

Ale, galls. 1,200 

Flax, lbs. 11,146 

Brooms, doz. 721 

Pot-ashes, bbls. 102 

Candles, lbs. 38,746 

Soap, boxes, 349 

Tow cloth, yds. 14,129 

Wrapping paper, reams, 2,027 

Printing paper, reams, 160 

Writing paper, reams, 289 

Scythes, doz. 346 

Linseed oil, bbls. 7 

Cider brandy, galls. 3,894 

Iron, tons, ' 3 

Tallow, lbs. 6,982 



Soal leather, lbs. 17,696 

Oars, feet, 3,708 

Bees' wax, lbs. 465 

Cider, bbls. 36 

Duck, bolts, 3 

Ship bread, bbls. 6 

Cordage, lbs. 12,531 

Powder, casks, 41 

Ground sumach, hhds. 18 

Apples, bbls. i 

Shad, bbls. 23 

Barley, bush. 1,564 

Anchors, lbs. 13,280 

Flannel, yds. 33 

Beans, bush. 279 

Walnuts, bush. 24 

Chesnuts, bush. 3 

Wooden bowls, feet, 600 

Wool cards, doz. 18 

Potatoes, bush. 159 

Oats, bush. 530 

Paper rags, lbs. 5.003 

Tin ware, boxes, 6 

Indian corn, bush. 300 

Maple sugar, tierces, 2 

Hay, bundles, 9 

Bellows, doz. 12 

Rye, bush. 200 



51 

Value of exports from the port of New-Haven, 
beginning October ist, 1790, and ending September 30th, 1791, $151,043 

1791, 1792, 307,041 

1792, 1793. 146,387 

1793, 1794. 171,869 

1794, 1795, 184,082 

Tonnage of the port of N'ezu-Haven. 

Dec. 31, 1798, ' 7,430 

1800, 11,011 

1804, 9,624 

Duties on imports and tonnage in the port of N'e-iv Haven. 

Merchandize. Tonnage. 

In 1792, $ 39,484 599 

1793, 48,447 382 

1794, 47,250 306 

1795, 42,770 307 

1796, 60,244 340 
1803, 136,429 657 

In 1807 there were belonging to the town and sailing from the port of New- 
Haven 60 Captains of vessels employed in foreign commerce, and 16 in the 
Coasting Trade. 

In mentioning the men of distinction, who have been either natives, or 
inhabitants, of this town, it will be unnecessary to add any thing to what I 
have said concerning the Clergymen. 

The character of Mr. Eaton, of Mr. Gilbert, Mr. Jones, and Mr. Bishop, 
who were all held in high esteem in the Colony of New-Haven, has been so 
well drawn by Doctor Trumbull in the first volume of his histor}- of Connec- 
ticut ; a work in every body's hands ; that nothing more can be necessary 
here, than merely to mention their names. 

It is equally unnecessary, to say any thing concerning Col. Dixwell. 

The Rev. Samuel Johnson, D. D. the first Minister of West-Haven, after- 
wards the first Episcopal Minister of Stratford, and afterwards President of 
Columbia College, was distinguished for his learning, and worth. The life of 
this gentleman has, however, been so lately published, and so extensively 
read, as to render it useless for me to dwell upon it here. 

The Presidents of Yale College were 

Accessus. Exitus. 

A. D. A. D. 

1701 Rev. Abraham Pierson, 1707 

1719 Rev. Timothy Cutler, S. T. D. 1722 

1726 Rev. Elisha Williams, 1739 

1739 Rev. Thomas Clap, 1766 

1766 Rev. Naphtali Daggett, S. T. D. 1777 

1777 Rev. Ezra Stiles, S. T. D. L. L. D. 1795 

Mr. Pierson was educated at Harvard College ; and took the degree of 
A. B. in 1668 ; was a hard student, a good scholar, a great divine, and a wise, 
steady, and judicious gentleman in all his conduct. He instructed, and gov- 
erned, the infant College with general approbation. He composed a system 
of Natural Philosophy, which the students studied for many years.* 

Doctor Cutler was educated at Harvard College, and took his first degree 
in 1701. In 1710 he was ordained Minister of the first Congregational 

* President Clap. 



52 

church in Stratford. In 1719 he was elected President of Yale College, but 
having changed his religious system, and become professedly an Episcopal- 
ian, was, in 1722, by a vote of the Trustees, " excused from all further ser- 
vice " in this office. Doctor Cutler "was a gentleman of superior natural 
powers and learning ; had a high opinion of the Constitution of the Church 
of England, and was zealously attached to it."* He is said to have been an 
excellent linguist ; and to have been celebrated, particularly, for his knowl- 
edge of the Hebrew and Arabic languages. He is also said to have been 
possessed of an extensive acquaintance with learning, and general science. f 
After he left the presidency he went to England ; took Episcopal orders ; 
and received the degree of D. D. from both the universities of Oxford and 
Cambridge. Soon after his return to America he became Rector of Christ's 
Church in Boston ; and died there in 1765, being 82 years of age. He was a 
native of Charlestown in Massachusetts. 

Mr. Williams was the son of the Rev. William Williams, Minister of Hat- 
field, (Mass.) He was educated at Harvard College ; where he took his first 
degree in 1711. He was afterwards Minister of Newington, in Wethersfield. 
From this place he was removed to the Presidency of Yale College in 1726 ; 
and continued here with the greatest advantage to the seminary, and the 
higest approbation of the public, till 1739; when the decayed state of his 
health compelled him to resign his office. From New-Haven he went to 
Wethersfield ; and was soon appointed one of the Justices of the Superior 
Court. In 1745, he went, as Chaplain, in an expedition against Cape Bre- 
ton. The following year he was appointed to the command of a regiment ; 
and engaged in an expedition against Canada. Not long after he went to 
England ; where he married a lady of distinguished excellence. Upon his 
return he fixed himself in Wethersfield ; and died there July 24th, 1755, aged 
61. His character is given by the celebrated Doctor Doddridge in the fol- 
lowing words : " I look upon Col. Williams to be one of the most valuable 
men on earth. He has joined to an ardent sense of Religion, solid learning, 
consummate prudence, great candour, and sweetness of temper, and a cer- 
tain nobleness of soul, capable of contriving, and acting, the greatest things, 
without seeming to be conscious of his having done them." 

Mr. Clap was born at Scituate, in Massachusetts, in 1703. He was edu- 
cated at Harvard College, where he took his first degree in 1722. In 1726 he 
was settled in the Ministry in Windham, in Connecticut. In 1739 he was 
chosen President of Yale College. This office he resigned Sept. 10, 1766 ; 
and died in January 7th, 1767, in the 64th year of his age. His character is 
extensively given, in a manner highly honourable to him, in an appendix to 
the life of President Stiles, from the diary of that gentleman, by the Rev. 
Doctor Holmes of Cambridge. As President Stiles knew him intimately ; 
the character, which he has given of him, cannot be questioned. To him, 
who reads this character, there will remain little doubt, that he was the great- 
est man, who ever sat at the head of this Institution. 

Mr. Richard Woodhull, who was five years a Tutor under his administra- 
tion, and was himself eminently distinguished for his learning, and science, 
once gave me the following character of President Clap, in answer to some 
inquiries, which I made concerning this subject. If I were to give his char- 

* President Clap. t President Stiles. 



53 

acter in concise terms, said Mr. Woodhull, I should give it in this manner ; 
In whatever company he was, and whatever was the subject of conversation, 
he appeared evidently to understand it more clearly, and more comprehen- 
sively, than any other person present. As Mr. Woodhull had, not long before, 
had a controversy with President Clap ; he cannot be supposed to have been 
prejudiced in his favour. The only serious defect in his presidential char- 
acter was, that he was prone to consider boys as being men. 

Doctor Daggett was respectable as a scholar, a divine, and a preacher. 
He had very just conceptions of the manner, in which a College should be 
governed ; but was not always equally happy in the mode of administering 
its discipline. A number of persons were no't willing to do justice to his 
merits. I say this with confidence ; because I was acquainted with him, for 
a long time, in the most intimate manner. The College was eminently pros- 
perous under his presidency. He was born at Attleborough in Massachu- 
setts ; and was educated at Yale College, where he took his first degree in 
1748. In 1751 he was settled in the Ministry at Smithtown on Long Island. 
In 1756 he was chosen Professor of Divinity in Yale College ; and continued 
in this office until his death. In 1766 he was chosen President ; and resigned 
his Presidency in 1777. In 1779, while opposing the British in their invasion 
of New-Haven, he was wounded ; and declined in his health till Nov. 25, 
1780; when he died. His sermons were judicious, clear, solemn and im- 
pressive. 

After the copious account of the life and character of Doctor Stiles, pub- 
lished by Doctor Holmes, it will be unnecessary to expatiate upon his char- 
acter here. Doctor Stiles was probably the most learned man in America, at 
the time of his death ; and was probably excelled by few in the world. A 
very learned Jewish Rabbi, who lived in America, where he corresponded 
for some years with Doctor Stiles, and who afterwards came to America, de- 
clared, that Doctor Stiles understood, and wrote, Hebrew better than any 
other Gentile, whom he had ever known. 

Doctor Stiles was the son of the Rev. Isaac Stiles of North-Haven, and 
was born Dec. 15th, 1727. He was educated at Yale College ; took his first 
degree in 1746 ; was chosen Tutor in 1749, and continued in this office six 
years. In 1765 he was ordained Minister of the second Congregational 
Church in Rhode-Island. In 1778 he was installed President of this sem- 
inary ; and died in the office. May 12th, 1795, in the 6Sth year of his age. 

The Rev. Nehemiah Strong, the first Professor of Mathematics, and Nat- 
ural Philosophy, in Yale College, was born at Northampton in the year 1728 ; 
was educated at this seminary ; and took his first degree in 1755. In 1757 he 
was chosen Tutor, and continued in this office three years. He was soon 
after settled as a Minister, in the parish of Turkey Hill, in Simsbury ; now 
Granby. In 1770 he was chosen to the professorship ; which he left in 1781. 
The remainder of his life he spent in retirement. He was a man of vigorous 
understanding, and possessed very respectable attainments in learning and 
science. He died at Bridgeport August 12th, 1807, in the Both year of his age. 

The Rev. Doctor Wales was born in Raynham in Massachusetts. He was 
educated at Yale College ; where he took his first degree in 1767. In 1769 
he was chosen Tutor. This office he resigned in 1770 ; and was soon after 
ordained Minister of the first Congregation in Milford. In 1782 he was 



54 

elected Professor of Divinity in this seminarj^ and died in that office, Feb. 
i8, 1794. For several years before his death he was afflicted with epilepsy. 

Doctor Wales "was an excellent preacher; and, by his distinguished abil- 
ities, in union with exemplary piety, he added lustre and dignity to the The- 
ological chair. His discourses were the result of close thought, and labori- 
ous study. Methodical, without stiffness ; clothed in language chaste and 
nervous ; and pronounced with a singular solemnity and energy ; they were 
admirably adapted to the purposes of instruction and persuasion."* 

The piety of all these gentlemen has been amply acknowledged. 

The Hon. Jared Ingersoll, Esq. was born in Milford, in the year 1722. He 
was educated in Yale College ; and took his first degree in 1742. Soon after, 
he commenced the practice of law in this town, and acquired great reputation 
as an advocate. Few men have excelled him in clear and comprehensive 
thought, and strong powers of reasoning ; and few men ever managed a cause 
with more skill. At his entrance upon the argument, he conceded every thing 
to his antagonist, which was not, in his own view, of serious moment to his 
client ; and often conceded so much, that he was believed, by men of less 
understanding, to have given up his cause. But he always reserved the 
essential points ; which he exhibited with the utmost strength and advantage. 
His eloquence was remarkably calm and dispassionate ; but was exhibited 
with so much candour and fairness, as to be remarkable persuasive. Indeed, 
of the eloquence, which is designed to convince, it was almost a perfect pat- 
tern. The same candour and fairness appeared in all his deportment. In 
the year 1757 he was sent by the Legislature of this State, as their Agent, to 
the Court of Great Britain. In 1764 he went again to England ; and while 
he was in that country, was persuaded to take the office of Stamp Master, 
under the Act, which was the first, in that train of unwise and oppressive 
measures, which finally proved the means of separating the British Colonies 
from their parent country. For this acceptance he was not a little censured 
by his countrymen ; more, I think, than justice would warrant. The office 
was urged upon him ; and he appears to have accepted it, only from a desire 
to render its operations less burdensome, and oppressive, than they would 
probably be in the hands of a foreigner. The acceptance was unwise ; but 
not accompanied with any ill design, on his part, against his country. 

In 1770 he was appointed Judge of Vice Admiralt}' in the middle District 
of the Colonies. The duties of this oflSce required, that he should reside in 
Philadelphia. He removed to that city in the year 1771 ; but after his office 
had ceased, in consequence of the American Revolution, he returned to New- 
Haven, where he continued till his death. 

Gen. David Wooster was born at Stratford in the year 1711 ; and took his 
first degree in Yale College, in 1738. In the year 1745 he commanded the 
Connecticut sloop of war, and was employed to convoy the Connecticut 
troops to Louisburgh ; and, in company with a sloop of war from Rhode- 
Island, engaged the Renommee, a French frigate of 36 guns, which had been 
sent with dispatches from France. The French frigate was obliged to sheer 
off, although superior in force to both of her assailants. In the last Canadian 
war he was appointed to the command of a regiment ; and acquired an hon- 
ourable reputation as a brave man, and a good officer. At the commence- 

* Doctor Holmes. 



55 

ment of the Revolution in 1775, he was appointed to the chief command of 
the Connecticut troops ; and was made a Brigadier General in the Continen- 
tal service. This commission he resigned ; and was soon after appointed 
the first Major-General of the Militia, in his native State. When the British 
landed at Compo, for the purpose of destroying the public stores at Danbury, 
Gen. Wooster hastened to oppose them, with such men, as the exigence per- 
mitted him to collect. At thejiead of about 300, he fell upon the rear of the 
British, as they were retiring from Danbury. A sharp skirmish ensued, in 
which he was mortally wounded, fighting gallantly in the van of his little 
army, April 27th, 1777. He died on the 2d of May following, at Danbury. 
Congress voted him a monument, which however has not been erected. 

Gen. Wooster was a brave, generous minded man ; respectable for his un- 
derstanding, and for his conduct, both in public and private life ; ardent in 
his friendships, and his patriotism ; diffusive in his charities, and stedfast in 
his principles. He was long a professor of Religion ; and adorned the pro- 
fession by an irreproachable, and exemplary life. He married the eldest 
daughter of President Clap ; a lad)' distinguished for the first intelligence 
and virtue. 

Col. Nathan Whiting was born at Windham (Conn.) and educated at Yale 
College ; where he took the degree of A. B. in 1743. In the year 1755 he 
commanded a regiment at lake George, under Sir William Johnson ; and was 
second in command in the detachment led out by Col. Williams to meet 
Baron Dieskau. When Col. Williams fell the command of the detachment 
devolved upon Col. Whiting ; and he conducted the retreat of the corps with 
a skill, coolness and intrepidity which did him the highest honour, and pre- 
served his men from being destroyed, in circumstances of extreme peril. 

Col. Whiting was greatly esteemed as an officer, both by his own country- 
men and the British. He was an exemplary professor of the Christian relig- 
ion ; and for refined and dignified manners, and nobleness of mind, has rarely 
been excelled. 

The Hon.^James Abraham Hillhouse, Esquire, was born at New-London. 
In early youth he publicly professed the Christian Religion. In 1749 he re- 
ceived the degree of A. B. in Yale College ; and in 1750 was chosen Tutor. 
In this office he continued, with much reputation, six years. At the bar he 
acquired, as an advocate, a high reputation ; and very few men have been 
more successful, particularly in the management of causes before a jury. In 
private life his character was in an eminent degree amiable, as well as irre- 
proachable. Few persons have been more generally beloved or respected. 
Some years before his death he was chosen into the Legislative Council of 
the Colony, and was annually reelected until the year of his death, 1775. 

The Hon. Roger Sherman, Esq. was born at Newtown, in Massachusetts, 
April 19, 1721. His education was only that of a common school. In 1743 
he removed to New-Milford, in Connecticut. Here he applied himself to the 
study of law. ^He was admitted to the bar in 1754. The next year he was 
appointed a Justice of the Peace ; and speedily after a Representative in the 
Legislature, and a deacon in the church. In 1761 he removed to New-Haven. 
In 1776 he was elected a member of the Council, and appointed a Judge of 
the Superior Court ; and continued on the bench 23 years. In 1774 he was 



56 

chosen a member of the first Congress ; and continued to be a member, ex- 
cept when he was excluded by the law of rotation. He was one of the com- 
mittee, who drew up the Declaration of Independence ; and a member of the 
General Convention, which framed the present American Constitution. 
Under that Constitution he was chosen a Representative to the first Congress. 
In lygi he was removed to the Senate, and held his seat in that^body until 
his death, in 1793, July 2d, and in the 73d year of his age. 

Mr. Sherman possessed a powerful mind ; and habits of industry, which 
no difficulties could discourage, and no toil impair. In early life he began 
to apply himself, with inextinguishable zeal, to the acquisition of knowledge. 
In this pursuit, although he was always actively engaged in business, he 
spent more hours than most of those, who are professedly students. In his 
progress he became extensively acquainted with Mathematical science, with 
Natural philosophy, with Moral and Metaphysical philosophy, with History, 
Logic and Theology. As a lawyer, and a statesman, he was eminent. The late 
Judge Ingersoll, who has been already mentioned, once observed to me, that, 
in his opinion, the views which Mr. Sherman formed of political subjects, 
were more profound, just, and comprehensive, than those of almost any 
other man, with whom he had been acquainted on this continent. His mind 
was remarkably clear and penetrating ; and, more than that of almost any 
other man, looked from the beginning of a subject to the end. Nothing satis- 
fied him but proof ; or where that was impossible, the predominant probabil- 
ity which equally controls the conduct of a wise man. He had no fashionable 
opinions, and could never be persuaded to swim with the tide. Independent 
of every thing but argument, he judged for himself; and rarely failed to 
convince others, that he judged right. 

As a man, as a patriot, and as a Christian, Mr. Sherman left behind him 
an unspotted name. Profoundly versed in Theology, he held firmly the doc- 
trines of the Reformation. Few men understood them so well ; and few 
were equally able to defend them. What he believed, he practised. It can 
excite no wonder, therefore, that he died with bright hopes of a glorious im- 
mortality. 

It is not known, that any peculiar vices prevail in this town ; or that any 
vices prevail in a peculiar degree. I remember no instance, in which a house, 
and very few, in which stores, have been broken open in this town, since I 
came in it ; almost sixteen years ago. The children, in our streets, are, I 
think, evidently more addicted to profaneness, than in the interior ; and 
the labourers, to drunkenness. Generally, the morals of our citizens are be- 
lieved not to be on a lower scale, than those of any other town, of the same 
size, in the United States. Our churches are usually filled upon the Sabbath ; 
and public worship is attended with every appearance of decorum and solem- 
nity. The citizens are generally distinguished for industry, economy, and 
good order ; and the commerce of New-Haven is carried on in a manner, 
equally honourable to the skill, diligence, and integrity, of the merchants. 

There are two Social libraries in this town. One of them, named The 
Mechanics' Library, was established in 1793. It consists of more than 800 
volumes. The other is styled " The Social Library y The company of proprie- 
tors was formed in the year 1807. The library consists at present of 500 well- 
chosen volumes. No " Novel, Play, or Tale," may by the Constitution be in- 



57 

troduced into the Library, except Vjy a vote of three fourths of the members 
present. Five dollars are paid by every member on admission, and an an- 
nual tax of one dollar, fifty cents. 

There are three Female charitable societies in this city ; one in each Congre- 
gation. Every member pays a cent a week to the society, and furnishes such 
other volBntary contributions, as she pleases. They also receive benefactions 
from other sources. On these foundations each society has set up, and main- 
tained for several years, a charity school for the education of poor female 
children. The Societies, in the two Presbyterian Congregations, have estab- 
lished, and, for about two years, supported, a school for the education of black 
female children. In addition to this they have distributed, extensively, clothes 
and other necessaries to the women and children in poor families. I know of no 
charitable institutions, in which beneficence has more wisely, or usefully, ex- 
tended its happy efficacy with the same means ; or in which its good offices 
have been more skilfully directed. 

The only association for Intellectual improvement, in this city, is the Con- 
necticut Academy; of which a summary account will be published in the be- 
ginning of this volume. 

The Mechanics of this city formed themselves into a society, b)' the style 
of the General Society of Mechanics of New Haven, March 23. 1807 ; and 
were incorporated the following October. Their professed objects are, to 
relieve such of the members, as are reduced to a state of sufTering ; to assist 
young Mechanics by loans ; and to promote the mechanical arts. Their 
present number is ninety-five. 

Their funds are about 450 dollars. 

The New-Haven Bank was incorporated in October, 1792 ; and com- 
menced its operations February 26, 1796. Its capital, for several j^ears, was 
80,000 dollars ; but has been augmented to 300,000; and ma)' by the charter 
be increased to 400,000. It is under the superintendence of nine Directors, 
chosen annually on the first Thursdaj- of Jul}'. 

The New-Haven Marine Insurance Company was incorporated in October, 
1797. It is governed by nine Directors. Its capital is 50,000 dollars ; and 
may be augmented at pleasure. 

Both these Companies have been prosperous. 

The New-Haven Chamber of Commerce was voluntarily formed, in 1794. 
Its officers are a President, Vice-President, Treasurer, and Secretary, elected 
annually, on the last Wednesday of March. Its stated meetings are quarterly. 
Its objects are the same with those of other similar institutions. 

The following article is extracted from the "New-Haven Gazette and 
Connecticut Magazine." 

"New-Haven, September 20, 1787. 

"The following account of the number of the inhabitants of this city, and 
their different ages, together with the number of buildings, is the result of an 
accurate enumeration, made by a number of gentlemen in this city. 



ige. 


A'o. 


I 


175 


2 


113 


3 


100 


4 


119 


5 


107 


6 


100 



614 



Age. 


No 


7 


87 


8 


96 


9 


89 


10 


S5 


II 


70 



457 



Age. 


No. 


13 


86 


14 


95 


15 


71 


16 


103 


17 


62 


18 


84 



402 



58 



Age. 


No. 




19 


62 




20 


74 


385 


21 


77 




22 


57 




23 


58 




24 


55 




25 


66 


313 


26 


51 




27 


55 




28 


50 




29 


40 




30 


66 


262 


31 


45 




32 


42 




33 


38 




34 


33 




35 


49 


207 


36 


50 




37 


31 




38 


31 




39 


36 




40 


52 


200 


41 


29 




42 


33 





Age. 


No. 


43 


29 


44 


18 


45 


28 137 


46 


22 


47 


34 


48 


9 


49 


12 


50 


35 "2 


51 


17 


52 


14 


53 


16 


54 


12 


55 


17 76 


56 


18 


57 


10 


58 


II 


59 


7 


60 


28 74 


61 


TI 


62 


8 


63 


9 


64 


10 


65 


13 51 


66 


8 



Age. 


No. 


67 


3 


68 


5 


69 


3 


70 


6 


71 


I 


72 


2 • 


73 


2 


74 


2 


75 


3 


76 


I 


77 


5 


78 


2 


79 


3 


80 


4 


81 





82 





83 


I 


84 


I 


85 





86 


I 


87 


I 



25 



15 



90 



The whole number of families, is 

Average number of persons to a famil}'. 

The whole number of houses is, 

The average number of persons to a house, is 

The whole number of males, 

The whole number of females, 

The whole number of Students in Yale College, 

The whole number of stores, 

The whole number of barns and shops, 

The whole number of private buildings, 

The numbers on each side of 17 years are equal, 

In the year 1724 there were 163 buildings of all kinds. 

The number of buildings, and the number of persons also, have probably 
been doubled in periods of about 25 years. 

In the First Society there died, from 1763 to 1786 inclusive, 24 years. 



o 
o 
I 2 

614 

5. 47 
466 
7, 21 

1657 
1707 

176 

103 

324 
1041 



Under 2 years, 


106 


90 and 


100 


6 


Between 2 and 5 


52 








5 and 10 


26 






458 


10 and 20 


24 


Dead born, 




7 


20 and 30 


34 









30 and 40 


43 


Total, 




465 


40 and 50 


32 








50 and 60 


25 


Males, 


226 




60 and 70 


31 


Females, 


239 




70 and 80 


48 








80 and 90 


31 




465 




Baptisms from 1758 to 1787, 








981 


Marriages, 








376 


Deaths, 








591 



The number of births was much greater than the number of baptisms. 
From the year 1770 to the year 1786 inclusive, there died 36 of the con- 
sumption, out of 329, about one-ninth of the whole. 



59 

Bill of Mortality for the City, including, also, that part of the Town- 
ship, the inhabitants of which belong to the religious congregations in the 
city, from 1797 to 1801, inclusive. 

1797 — Total 58 — Of these 4 were strangers. 

Under i )7ear 16 50 and 60 5 

Between f and 5 6 60 and 70 4 

5 and 20 * o 70 and 80 9 

20 and 30 3 80 and 90 i 

30 and 40 5 90 and 100 3 

40 and 50 6 — 

58 

1798 — Total 78 — Of these 4 were strangers. 

Between 2 and 5 4 40 and 50 6 

5 and 10 o 50 and 60 5 

10 and 20 6 60 and 70 4 

20 and 30 8 70 and 80 8 

30 and 40 5 80 and 90 7 

1799— Total 69 — Of these 5 were strangers. 

Under 2 years 15 40 and 50 14 

Between 2 and 5 4 50 and 60 7 

5 and 10 3 60 and 70 6 

10 and 20 5 70 and 80 4 

20 and 30 4 80 and 90 2 

30 and 40 5 

1800 — Total 79 — Of these 7 were strangers. 

Under 5 years 25 40 and 50 12 

Between 5 and 10 l 50 and 60 8 

10 and 20 5 60 and 70 li 

20 and 30 5 70 and 80 5 

30 and 40 7 

1801 — Total 95 — Of these 15 were strangers. 

Under 5 years 45 40 and 50 12 

Between 5 and lo 5 50 and 60 6 

10 and 20 5 60 and 70 8 

20 and 30 3 70 and 80 6 

30 and 40 3 80 and 90 i 

90 and 100 I 

The reason why so many strangers are found in this list is, that many per- 
sons, from the interior, resort to this city, in bad health, for the benefit of air, 
and food, from the sea. The number of deaths in 1798, attributed to the 
several ages, is erroneous ; but the error cannot now be corrected, since it is 
found on the register. 

In the year 1800, there were in the City of New Haven 4049 inhabitants ; 
in the township without the city 1108. It is supposed, that 600 of these at 
least, belong to the societies in the city. These added to 4049 make 4649. 

This gives one death to sixty-two persons. 

In 1756, the Township of New-Haven contained 5085 inhabitants : and in 
1774, 8095. It then included the townships of Woodbridge, Hamden, North- 
Haven, and East-Haven. In 1790, there were within the same limits 10,291 : 
in 1800, 10,978 : in 1810, 13,161. In 1790 in the present township of New- 
Haven, the inhabitants amounted to 4484 : in 1800, to 5157 : in 1810, to 6967. 
In 1800, the number of inhabitants in the City was 4049 : in 1810, 5772. 



6o 



There have been burnt in this cit}', in 75 years 2 Dwelling Houses, i Brew- 
ery, 2 Stores, I workshop, and i small Turpentine Distillery. 

Such a list forcibly exhibits the care of Divine Providence in preserving a 
town, raised of such combustible materials. It is ardently to be wished, that, 
hereafter, buildings of a safer and more solid structure may be erected, and 
that both ourselves, and our descendants, may, as early as possible, be se- 
cured from such ravages, as have been lately experienced by the unfortu- 
nate inhabitants of Portsmouth, and Nevvburyport. 

Permit me. Sir, at the close of this Account, to return my thanks to the 
several Members of the Academy, who have supplied materials for its com- 
pletion, and to subscribe myself, 

very respectfully, 

yours, 

T. DWIGHT. 

Mr. Jeremiah Day, Prof, of Math, and \ 
Nat. Phil, in Y. Coll. and Pec. Sec. of the > 
Conn. Acad, of Arts and Sciences. ) 



[The following account of the Commerce of New-Haven came to hand too 
late to be inserted in its proper place.] 

Abstract of the amount of Duties, value of Imports, value of Exports, and 
quantity of Tonnage in the District of New-Haven, in the State of Connec- 
ticut. 



Yrs. 


Duties. 


Value of 
Imports. 


Val 
Domes. 


lie of Exp( 
Foreign. 


jrts. 
Total. 


Tonnage. 


1 801 
2 

3 
4 
5 
6 

7 

8 

9 
10 


237.599 
109,804 
136,400 
145,488 
205,316 
146,614 

157.589 

106,356 

56,088 

94,600 


950,396 
439,216 
545,600 
581,952 
821,264 
586,456 
630,356 

425,424 
224,352 
378,400 


509,173 
347,264 
411,621 

448,495 
490,657 
471,202 
489,362 
embargo 
306,650 
387,210 


141,298 

136,646 

5,152 

27,926 

117,763 
12,275 
16,482 

3,212 
3.125 


650,471 
483,910 
416,773 
476,421 
608,420 
483,477 
505.844 

309,862 
390,355 


Close of 1801. 
registered 510095-85 
enrolled, 2152,03 
Total, 7252,88 

Close of 1810. 
registered, 4486,09 
enrolled, 1691,03 

Total, 6177,12 




1,395,854 


5.583.416 


3,861,634 


463,879 4.325,513 





Most of the above duties have been secured by bonds, all of which have 
been collected in full. The imports, including salt, hides, dyeing woods, 
&c., not subject to duties, are supposed to be equal in value to an average of 
four times the amount of the duties. 

About one third of the imports in vessels of this district are landed and 
bonded directly in New-York. Of the coffee and sugar, imported here, a 
considerable part has been transported coastwise to New-York, and thence 
exported from the United States. These are not included in the above value 
of exports. 

Collector's Office, District and Port of New Haven, October 11, 1811. 

ABM. BISHOP, Collector. 






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